Flight Patterns Essay

What is Sherman Alexie’s notion of the reality behind a story as this notion is presented in â€Å"Flight Patterns† I think Sherman ‘s notion of reality is that life is full of contradictions. The society sets up so many rules for people to follow, and people are often judged by their ethnic group, gender, religion†¦etc. Accordingly, they have to behave properly in order to meet the expectations. However, in reality not every person can deal easily with the role he is supposed to be in. For example, William doesn’t want to choose between American and Spokane. He loves them both. In religion, he is a generously religious man. In ethnic, he is a Spokane Indian while having in civic life like most American. In the text, it states that† William wanted all of it .Hunger was his crime.† I think Sherman Alexie points this out to tell us that in reality, a person might feel bemused to make a choice among all he wants. Fikadu faces the difficulties between killing his own people for Selassie and living with his family. William faces the difficulty between jobs and family. They both make up their mind and make the difficult choice despite feeling uncomfortable. The reality is not perfect as we may consider it. People sometimes have to make sacrifices or compromises to accomplish a bigger task. I think William chooses to believe Fekadu’s story because no matter it is true or not, it tells the essence of reality in this society.

List of Environmental Problems

List of Environmental Problems The earth's environment has become a pervasive and global problem. There is growing awareness about the need to conserve our environment. Read on to know the different environmental problems. Today the earth’s environment is in a sorry state. Wherever one looks, one encounters pollution. Forests are disappearing. The green patches in the city are being replaced by concrete buildings. Waste products are being dumped indiscriminately. Water is too toxic to drink. The air is unfit to breathe. Global warming has become a menacing issue. There is a question mark over the survival of life on the earth. The human race is at the brink of a self-created disaster. Truly there is a surfeit of environmental problems today. List of environmental problems There are a number of significant environmental problems today. They are as follows: * Loss of forest cover. Forest are being cut down for timber, construction and for obtaining extra agricultural land. * Air pollution. This is caused by polluting industries and vehicular traffic. Burning incinerators, furnaces and stoves cause it. Wind is responsible for spreading air pollution. The Ozone layer has been damaged because of the use of CFC’s (Chlorofluorocarbons) which are used in a number of industrial, commercial, and household applications. * Water pollution. Industries and factories release toxic wastes into the water. Leakage from oil tankers causes pollution of the sea. Pesticides and fertilizers also cause water pollution. Sewage released by cities into water bodies. It is predicted that there will be conflicts among nations because water will become scarce. * Overpopulation. The increase in human population increases demands for the water resources. More land is required for housing. There is increased demand for food for which more agricultural land is needed. More fuel is required. More automobiles cause more pollution. * Erosion of soil. When trees and plants are destroyed that causes increase in soil erosion. * Climate change and Global warming. Human activities cause climate change like increase in temperature. Many animal and plant species may be destroyed by climate change. * Introduction of genetically modified species. Humans are tinkering with the genes of various plants and animals. We do not fully understand how the introduction of new species will affect the environment. * Destruction of biodiversity. Many plant and animal species have become extinct or are approaching extinction because of human activities. These endangered species may have important uses in medicine and science for humans. * Devastation of natural habitats. Species such as tigers and lions are reducing in numbers because humans are steadily destroying the natural habitats which sustain them. * Diminishing natural resources. Mankind is using up natural resources at an alarming rate. Fuel, water, minerals, timber are being consumed rapidly. Oil and natural gas resources are expected to get over by the end of this century. * Marine habitats are being polluted. Overfishing has led to the extinction of many fish species. The oceans are vast but still vulnerable to pollution.

Mangement and Leadership

Management and Leadership Cortnie Edwards MGT/330 December 19, 2011 Alecia Cummings Management and Leadership Habitat for Humanity was founded in 1976 by Millard and Linda Fuller. The couple had a dream of following their Christian lifestyle and helping others in need. They wanted to help families living in poverty and build new homes. The idea was they would build housed with no profit and charge no interest. â€Å"The concept that grew into Habitat for Humanity International was born at Koinonia Farm, a small, interracial, Christian farming community founded in 1942 outside of Americus, Ga. , by farmer and biblical scholar Clarence Jordan.Building would be financed by a revolving Fund for Humanity. The fund's money would come from the new homeowners' house payments, donations and no-interest loans provided by supporters and money earned by fund-raising activities. The monies in the Fund for Humanity would be used to build more houses† (â€Å"Thrivent Builds With Habitat For Humanity â€Å",  2011). The organization took off with unbelievable results. The Fullers took their organization internationally and have now since built over 400,000 homes. Leading and managing an organization such as Habitat for Humanity involves a multitude of diverse ideas, visions, and people. What is the difference between management and leadership? It is a question that has been asked more than once and also answered in different ways. The biggest difference between managers and leaders is the way they motivate the people who work or follow them, and this sets the tone for most other aspects of what they do† (â€Å"Leadership Vs. Management†,  2002-2011). Habitat for Humanity starts with the board of directors. Habitat for Humanity International board members oversee the direction of Habitat’s activities worldwide as the organization works to eradicate substandard housing.Directors are elected to two-year terms that may be renewed four times. They r eceive no compensation for their voluntary service. The board of directors is responsible for affiliate policies and procedures, program development, financial stewardship, supervision of volunteer staff, fundraising, public relations, and legal matters. There are global directors that â€Å"represent the Asia-Pacific region in the global Habitat communications team in the creation and implementation of worldwide brand building, marketing and advocacy initiatives and campaigns.This includes devising Asia-Pacific roll-out strategies; liaising and sharing with peers in other Habitat regions; and coordinating and collaborating with the HQ communications team on global strategies and initiatives† (â€Å"Alertnet†,  2011). The organization is made up mostly of volunteers and describes different levels among the organization as committees. The development, site selection, and public relations committees are just a few of the different leadership levels Habitat for Humanity has. The development committee is responsible for raising funds and for introducing people to our work.This committee is also responsible for special events and outreach to businesses. The site selection committee works with town officials and developers to identifying and evaluating potential sites for new Habitat homes. This committee is always looking for new members with insight into the local real estate market and the inner workings of town government. The public relations committee is responsible for raising awareness of Habitat for Humanity in our service area. Responsibilities include media relations and publishing a quarterly newsletter.In a non-profit organization there is often very little direction offered to volunteers, leaving them with many decisions to be made on their own. There is a lot of focus on the bigger picture, which in this case is to provide as many families as possible with shelter. However, the steps to achieving the overall goals or mission are not as clearly defined as would be in a profit-seeking company. According to the McKinsey Capacity Assessment Grid, Habitat for Humanity exemplifies effective governance.This offers a competitive advantage because the managers’ decisions are aligned with the stakeholders’ interests since the managers may very well be shareholders themselves. The managers definitely devote their time and energy to improve the financial position of the organization so that it can offer assistance to those that require it the most. Habitat for Humanity is such a large organization; it is broken up into chapters, representing different regions of the world. Each chapter consists of different levels of leaders. At the top of the chain is the President. The President is esponsible for setting and distributing agendas for meetings, setting and distributing calendars of events, maintaining a working relationship with the local affiliate, coordinating an open communication with the Office of Student Activities, and keeping chapter focused on its goals. The vice president follows. His responsibilities consist of serving as project manager of chapter build, serving as chapter chaplain, keeping an open communication with the Construction and Horticulture Club, and overseeing family liaison, volunteer coordinator, superintendents, and tools management.Family liaison pursues a relationship with the family that they are building for. They also keep all other members informed of the family's needs. Brainstorms ideas for gifts to family, plans family gatherings, and makes scrapbooks for the family. Volunteer Coordinators are responsible for keeping track of the number of volunteers designated for the build days. Tools management maintains volunteers on the work site through a sign in/out sheet. They may also assign designated tools to each volunteer as needed through sign in/out sheet.Superintendents maintain a close relationship with the VP during the build day. They will often be one of the most experienced on site and will help the Project Manager decide how to go about construction. They may also help educate and designate groups through construction. â€Å"The ability to implement strategies in an organization is one of the most skillful managerial requirements and knowledge that we need in critical aspects to run an organization† (â€Å"Strategies That Organizational Managers and Leaders Can Use to Create and Maintain a Healthy â€Å",  2011). Leaders and managers in an organization can use some factors to create a healthy organizational culture, such factors are social factors, physical setting, technology, organizing arrangements and individual behavior. Leaders and managers are required to have increased resources, perceptive knowledge, and superior talent and enhanced capabilities to continue facilitating processes toward attaining the ultimate objectives, discovering and commercializing safety of the organization.These multiple activities re quire managers and leaders who have the significant of strategies implementation and core competencies and organizational capabilities that create values to changes of the organization† (â€Å"Strategies That Organizational Managers And Leaders Can Use To Create And Maintain A Healthy†,  2011). A strategy is something an organization uses to help it reach its vision and mission. Habitat for Humanity’s global strategy, asks what markets it should be operating in. As a resource based organization, however, this question is less important.The organization is not looking for opportunities to enter new industries and therefore develop new competencies. Rather, it is looking for ways to use its internal strengths and competencies in the market place. Habitat has chosen a global strategy that has them participating only in one type of non-profit industry – mainly the zero-interest mortgage and home building market. If they were to diversify into other non-profi t markets such as non-perishable foods for example, the organization’s few resources may become too spread out and its core competencies would be stretched rendering all activities less effective.If there was a business-level strategy category for Habitat for Humanity, it would definitely have to be one of cost leadership. The land, supplies, and labor are all acquired at low cost or free of charge. This strategy requires a centralized functional structure so that there can be higher rates of efficiency and better methods of meeting the objectives determined. Habitat incorporates this strategy through and through although its focus is on increasing efficiency so that more families can be helped – not to increase profits.Adapting to different cultures, religions, languages, and people are just a few obstacles volunteers face when working with the globalization within Habitat for Humanity. Globalization makes a huge impact on volunteers. The United Nations has designated the first Monday in October as annual World Habitat Day. According to Habitat International, World Habitat Day’s purpose is to call attention to the current global state of the human habitat and push toward adequate housing for all. By raising awareness and advocating for universal decent housing the systems that reinforce and entrench poverty housing can be altered and even changed.Habitat builds dignity through providing a shelter bringing a family closer together, it builds relationships throughout the world, and it builds community. Habitat for Humanity does all of this through globalization. They are helping people all over the world helping people become part of the globalization. Sustainability and Green building are two ways that Habitat is addressing globalization issues. Based on the research I have done on this organization, I found that there are a couple of strategies the organization an use to help obtain more volunteers and build credibility. The first option is partnering up with more trade schools. Students would be able to obtain hands-on experience and at the same time have the opportunity to add valuable volunteer hours to their resume. It would build a lifelong relationship with the institutions in addition to securing help and perhaps setting the tone for students to keep volunteering after graduation. The second strategy would be to obtain a Better Business Bureau Charity Seal to gain credibility.Obtaining a Better Business Bureau Charity Seal would allow Habitat for Humanity to gain credibility in addition to getting more recognition. A lot of community members look to the Better Business Bureau when making decisions as to which businesses to get involved with or which charities to donate to. There may be people that have not heard of Habitat for Humanity but may learn about the organization through the BBB Website. Joining forces with and obtaining recognition from organizations such as the Better Business Bureau could benefit Habitat for Humanity by providing them with the opportunity to acquire even more volunteers.As with any company or organization, there are always opportunities and risks involved. Making the best decisions for the families that are in need is the only way for Habitat to continue with their success. Strong leadership and management will continue to help the organization prosper. Many of the leaders of Habitat had to overcome their own struggles to get where they are today driving them to make the issue of poverty so much more of a priority. Skill, hard work, and their belief in living out God’s word have built this organization to where it is today.References Thrivent Builds with Habitat for Humanity. (2011). Retrieved from http://www. thriventbuilds. com/partnership/habitat/history. html Leadership vs. Management. (2002-2011). Retrieved from http://changingminds. org/disciplines/leadership/articles/manager_leader. htm Alertnet. (2011). Retrieved from http://www. trust. org/al ertnet/jobs/2011-08-26-1458/ http://www. articleclick. com/Article/Strategies-That-Organizational-Managers-and-Leaders-Can-Use-to-Create-and-Maintain-a-Healthy/997166

Is the UK economy out of recession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Is the UK economy out of recession - Essay Example But this hope was to prove a mirage as the trend reversed in subsequent months. Though the UK took a little while to catch up with the crisis in the United States, at the beginning of the second quarter of 2008, the region’s economy was in acute recession. It has been close to two years since the onset of recession in the UK and the economic condition of the region remains weak and vulnerable. While some economists assert that the turnaround is already underway, others take a more pessimistic view. This essay will try to answer this important question, by way of perusing scholarly and news media resources. (Lynch, 2009) The recession that began in early 2008 gave no signs of recovery even after one full year. As the industry data for third quarter 2009 revealed, the economy shrank a further 0.4 % in during this period, which completed the sixth consecutive quarter in decline. As per the Office for National Statistics, by this time â€Å"output has slumped 5.9% since the onset of recession - almost as bad as the 6% slump seen in the early 1980s. The lingering decline came despite interest rates at a record low of 0.5% since March, additional Government spending and an unprecedented pounds 175 billion boost to the money supply through quantitative easing† (Lynch, 2009). But even as the UK was enduring this economic decline, neighbouring countries such as France and Germany have already shown early signs of recovery. While neighbouring countries in Europe were already into recovery, it was only during the heralding of year 2010 that the UK economy showed clear signs of recovery. Financial experts have declared that technically the UK economy has emerged from recession, but concerns still remain about the stability and strength of the pound against the dollar and the euro. Due to the internal economic turmoil, there is a strong possibility for deflation of currency during

The impact of Storytelling on Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The impact of Storytelling on Leadership - Essay Example Many people have perfected the art of storytelling and have become more widespread and more powerful than data and figures. In the contemporary society, all human knowledge is based on the stories that people listen to in their daily life. The human brain can be said to consist of the cognitive memory that helps people to understand and remember stories. According to Kouzes and Barry (10), storytelling has various impacts on the leadership of any organization in that stories teach people on different lessons. Stories help people learn on how to tackle the daily challenges that arise on a daily basis. Leaders are forced by circumstances to make critical decisions under instances of extreme emergencies for example the firefighters or critical care nurses who are required to make decisions in the shortest time possible. Under the emergency situations, leaders do not use the universal classic model for decision making but instead they use a non-linear approach that entails the use of intuition, and mental motivation (Fog 49). Kouzes and Barry (19) points out that through storytelling, lessons learnt from highly complex and the most challenging situations are passed down to other people. Stories that are meant to transfer knowledge are supposed to be true and objective since its main objective is to transfer knowledge to the audience and not generating any action. In this context therefore, stories that are meant to teach the audience tend to elaborate on the drawbacks of ignorance and cause the people make right decisions when seeking knowledge. Glassner (9) affirms that stories are usually effective tools that can be used in education since listeners can easily become engaged and therefore be able to remember. The audience become engaged and therefore is able to create new perspectives thus inviting new perspectives thus inviting new perspectives that can help individuals to transform their lives.

Knowledge Management, Social Networks and Innovation Assignment

Knowledge Management, Social Networks and Innovation - Assignment Example an explicit asset will be its ultimate product, because as Lytras, Russ and Maier (2008, p. 144) described, KM aims to productize and distribute knowledge within the organization. KM’s overall benefits include forming an ‘organizational learning’ system whereby people in the firm will be bale to gain wide knowledge that is useful for their as well as organization’s common benefits. As Forster (2005, p. 397) denoted, KM is a process that collects, shares and utilizes experience, knowledge, skills and wisdom of employees and they are then converted to a collective organizational learning process. This is how KM helps organizations improve the performance and effectiveness of organizational activities. For instance, a firm may recruit old workforce believing that old-workers are more knowledgeable than young people and they will be retained with a view to make use of their knowledge and experience. This is a strategic way to create new knowledge. They have mor e experience, which can later be transferred to other workforce through collaborative team work or other progressive activities. This is how experience can be converted to knowledge, or knowledge can be created from experience. Young workforce, for instance, will later be able to use their acquired knowledge for the overall organizational benefits. Explicit or Tacit nature of knowledge in relation to creation and sharing Knowledge creation, sharing, transferring and utilizing can be carried out through either papers, documents, database etc or through people’s mind. Explicit knowledge refers to that information being processed through papers, documents or database etc, whereas tacit knowledge is the information that is processed... This paper highlighted that knowledge sharing helps an organization foster innovation as people within its workplace will be motivated to gain newer knowledge, think creatively and bring newer ideas that in turn can help the organization perform better. Social networking is an essentially important means that almost all companies in recent years are extensively using for better knowledge sharing experiences. This paper described the conceptual framework of how social networks improve the effectiveness of KM and the practical issues that are faced by the management in relation to KM and innovation development. This paper approves that KM comprises of people, process and technology. How people use technology for knowledge sharing also impact the results of KM strategy. For far better results, the organization may need to facilitate extensive training for using technology in the KM. People in an organization may be well-versed in using computers, database, software, social networking, etc and as a result the result also will be better than the other way. This paper makes a conclusion that people’s approach and organizational learning culture also impact the KM effectiveness. Management may face severe issues related to employees less awareness of the KM practices, irresponsibility of concerned people, lack of motivation to get involved etc. Problems related to artifacts are also to be considered while implementing a better system of the KM. Artifacts such as manuals, software, networking, papers, documents etc that are used in the KM practice must be appropriate for the ultimate purpose of the processed knowledge.

Personal Development Plan for the Next Five Years Essay

Personal Development Plan for the Next Five Years - Essay Example ement) For my personal analysis, I used the Myers-Brigg personal indicator and the VARK learning styles assessment. Myers-Briggs assessed me as a INTJ, Introverted, focusing on my inner world, Intuitive, one who interprets and adds meaning to data, Thinking, one who depends on logic and consistency, and Judging, one who prefers things to be settledhttp://www.myersbriggs.org/my-mbti-personality-type/mbti-basics/. The Myers-Brigg type indicator is based on C.G. Jung’s psychological character theory that classifies individuals by their introverted and extroverted attitudes as fundamental orientations to the subjective world around them (MacCrae & Costa, March 1989). Myers-Briggs used Jung as their starting point and created 16 types of attitudes and preferences to measure personality types. The MBTI measures our preference for 1) interacting with one another, 2) gathering information, 3) making decisions about what we experience, and 4) controlling ourselves and the world around us (Nicholson, 24 June 2011). Extroversion or Introversion(Energy Orientation)   According to Quenk,extroverts get their energy from the outer world of people and objects.(Quenk, 2009) Extroverts are social and outgoing, build attachments quickly and share ideas readily; introverts are personality opposites of extroverts. This type of personality is satisfied and feels energized when they spend a time alone or with a close friend.(Quenk,2009).According to Watkins,these type personalities think before they speak, are not always self-confident and are reserved and introspective(Watkins,1999).   According to my MBTI result I'm clearly the introverted personality type (84% introversion vs. 16% extroversion).The result of the first step was not surprising for me. I have been criticized many times about being introverted, but the significant way to analyze me is by giving an example about my friends and our meetings. As a friends group, we usually meet in numbers of three or four peop le and avoid activities that require interaction with other people. We prefer going to the cinema rather than talking in a pub. Even when we are giving a party we invite people that we know very well, rather than groups of strangers or classmates. According to these examples I am an introverted personality type.   Sensing and Intuition (Learning Process)   By Sensing we gather information using our five senses; Sensing is based on details of the environment surrounding us (Quenk,2009).Intuition is assimilation of ideas and theories by focusing less to the details in environment (Joyce). People who prefer sensing like problems with standard solutions, they are more realistic, practical and more interested in things happening (Bayne, 1997). Intuitive people are more futuristic, impatient to routine and they like to see the big picture (Bayne,1997).   Results of the MBTI showed that my learning style is more close to the intuitive type (intuition 74% vs. sensing 26%).   When I get bored from a book,to entertain myself I open the book at random and try to relate the events to one another then attempt to figure out the ending of the book. Sometimes I ignore details aboutan object and assign a metaphorical meaning to the story. I agree that I prefer intuition but I am questioning the high percentage that was portrayed in my evaluation. When I solve problems I

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 105

Journal - Essay Example All phrases in the sentence have the same form, and the same grammatical function. Parallelism makes each sentence an element in a series owing to the deliberate repetition. An example of parallel structure is â€Å"They struggled in a foreign country, without food, without friends, and without accommodation†. This sentence has the same form, in that it uses the word ‘without’ and their grammatical function is the same because they all complete the verb ‘was’. One has to cut out useless words and phrases. Instead of saying, â€Å"The type of people in the party were women and children†, one should write, â€Å"The people in the party were women and children†. Another method is substitution of an economical expression for a wordy one. Instead of saying, â€Å"the essay tends to focus on†¦Ã¢â‚¬  one can cut out unnecessary wordiness by using the word ‘emphasize’. In addition, it is necessary to reduce emphatic repetition in

The Ethical Dilemmas Associated to Black Friday Directed at Wal-Mart Case Study

The Ethical Dilemmas Associated to Black Friday Directed at Wal-Mart - Case Study Example Every community and town where Wal-Mart is started has absorbed many workers consequently creating employment opportunities (Shaffer, 2007). Wal-mart has regulated the prices of its products by ensuring the customers purchase goods at low and fair prices, which will influence them to come back and shop at Wal-mart. Basis of Ethical Conflict By offering low prices to customers than the other retail shops, this has made customers not to shop from other retail shops apart from Wal-mart. It because of this that numerous retail shops have collapsed financially and closed down (Shaffer, 2007). Wal-mart has employed many people, which is a convenient way of creating employment, but they pay their employees poorly. Employees at Wal-mart receive salary below the standards of any USA citizens. Many workers are paid peanuts that they even have difficulties in sustaining and meeting all their basic needs. Half of the employees at Wal-mart have not enrolled in the health benefit plans, and many o f them depend on the health benefit plan of their parents. This has resulted to the oppression of the other citizens since they have to pay large sums of taxes in order to compensate for wal-mart workers. This is because many of Wal-mart workers are not able to pay for the health benefit plans. ... The company has hired many public relations experts to polish the allegations made by many activists and politicians. It has also hired many FBI and CIA retired officials to monitor the workers who are against the company. A reasonable sum of money, which has been used to polish the company’s name, can be used to increase the salary of the workers and enroll them in health benefit plans. Countless improvements have taken place at an instance while there are economic problems to the American economy. The lowering of prices is something that has been used to by many competitors, and this does not hinder them from selling their goods normally. This is the main reason that Wal-mart has come up with new strategies of offering large amounts of discounts to people who purchase heavily at their retail shop. It is because of this reason that Wal-mart should stop afflicting their employees but increase their salaries as well as enroll them in future health care plans. What Impacts Did L egal Pressures Have On The Situation? Many legal pressures do not find Wal-mart to be oppressing the employees because Wal-mart gives the government a substantial amount of revenues. On the other hand, the legal channels find Wal-mart to be assistive since they have created numerous employment opportunities globally (Shaffer, 2007). The other issues that the government find Wal-mart to be assistive, is how they have reduced their prices drastically to ensure that their goods are affordable to the average paid employees. The legal channels suggest that there is no way Wal-mart is oppressing its employees, yet it is offering low prices to its citizens for them to afford their products. Now and then, citizens praise Wal-mart because most of the goods they need

English 101 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

English 101 - Essay Example The online course though pre –structured follows and asynchronous structure which is quite opposite to the Campus course which is a face – to – face synchronous course with potentially greater flexibility. The online course has one or two instructors and is team taught, whereas the campus course has only one instructor. In an online course, the participants take the course that is easily available and no attempt is made to see that students are assigned to courses according to their talent or ability. The Campus course gives the students opportunities to discuss with their professors and other peers as to which course would be suitable to study. Where studying for the course is concerned, the participants of the online courses spent fairly more time on studies each week, whereas the campus participants spent much lesser time. In an online course, though the atmosphere is conducive to learning, yet the classroom is not as lively as a campus classroom where students and professor conduct lively face – to – face discussions and interaction. Qureshi et al. (2002) noted that distance education students were less motivated than their on-campus peers. Others have expressed concern that online learners experience motivational problems as evidenced by high dropout rates (Cheng- Yuan 2000). Researchers are of the opinion that online students are more self – paced and enjoy greater autonomy unlike the on campus students who are restricted by a lot of rules and regulations. By enrolling themselves in online courses, the students procure greater technological experience and have a much better knowledge of how to handle computers which is quite opposite to the traditional campus courses. The participants of online courses were more driven by intrinsic motives without looking forward to traditional rewards of a regular class, but on campus participants prefer to embrace a more collaborative style of teaching – learning and obtain the rewards of the

Savil Building by Glen Howells Architects Essay

Savil Building by Glen Howells Architects - Essay Example In its design, its response to the site, the climate, the design requirement, it has surpassed the programme. That's what makes it unique, 'high architecture' or in plainer words an award winner! This essay investigates the architectural qualities of the Savill Building with specific reference to the following themes: Beauty or the aesthetic value of every building is an important feature of every structure established within certain locations. It is also closely related to the time and place of the architectural event. Thus, modernists like Philip Johnson see deconstructivism as 'warped' and the International Style as 'pure'. It is about the contrast between 'perfection and violated perfection'.1 The many trends in architecture after modernism suggest a pluralist society where too many issues are equally important. However, in the collective concern for the environment and attempts at conserving and reusing and generally trying to contain one's carbon footprint, we may have finally, the one world- religion that will generate an aesthetic that may be most persuasive of recent trends.2 And the Savill Building illustrates this beautifully both figuratively and literally. Through improving the landscape of the park, the building creates a profound experience for the visitors making them feel like they belong to the landscape itself. The dome shape of the roof creates an illusion that the entire building is one continuous structure that follows the dictates of the landforms so sensitively that it is difficult to perceive where building ends and landscape begins. It fits in with its surroundings hand-in-glove, not just in terms of building profile but also in terms of its material for construction that was judiciously selected and felled on site itself. Of all the other features of the complex, the structure of the building stands out as the chief characteristic of the complex. Being a part of the whole landscape works well for the Savill Building as it utilizes the natural beauty of the location where the structure is established. The complete building created not only for catering to its distinct functions it aims also to enhance the entire natural landscape of the site3. This capability of the structure to bring out the natural essence of the beauty that the location itself posses makes the complete conception a complimentary element to the landscape. 2. Nature Seen and Sensed The major features of the shapes and elements that make up the building actually create a more sophisticated presentation of nature. The carefully crafted design that mimics the entirety of scale and location highlights the abundance of nature creating an 'environment of seemingly untamed, ever-productive free growth'4. A curved glazed curtain wall allows the visitor to view the 'spectacular' landscape over the terrace.5 The glazing allows natural light to enter the building giving it better chances of being appropriately lit during the day right up to mid afternoon. The glazing 'frames' the scenic view of the natural landscape of the gardens for which the interiors of the building create a perfect foil. Hills and

Phillips International Essay Example for Free

Phillips International Essay Phillips International is exploring the possibility of reorganizing to focus more on its core health care business, Phillips Health. The company has cited two factors in support of this direction. First, the subject of health care has received more and more attention across America in recent years. Second, it has become the main area of growth for Phillips. Because Phillips has made natural supplements a profitable enterprise and Americans are becoming increasingly sceptical of the medical/drugs complex, the company may well be poised to supply a unique increasing demand in America. Positioning  Marketing gurus Jack Trout and Al Reis established the ground-breaking advertising concept of positioning. In their text Positioning: The Battle For Your Mind (McGraw Hill) they outlined what has become pretty much standard practice on Madison Ave. That is, through extensive survey and research establish the image and phrase that fits a creneaux (French for niche) within the mind of consumers. The ideas is to break down identification with a desirable product to a simple image and/or phrase that resonates with the populace. Phillips’ motto Sense and Simplicity could well be the perfect starting point to begin that positioning research. You can walk out on the street and perform your own informal survey. Ask any random working American what they would like to see in a health care system as profit-driven toward cure (as opposed to prevention) and complex as ours and nine times out of ten you will get words attempting to express one that makes sense and is simple to apply. As Phillips has grown by adopting sense and simplicity as its corporate culture and external identifying motto, it makes sense for Phillips to learn and apply the fundamentals of marketing to enhancing that winning hand. The last thing Phillips should want to do is spend vast sums on some big shot advertising firm that tries to make something wholesome and basic into something slick and trendy. It is advised as a first step that those employed within Phillips for marketing, in-house folks, read the basics texts on positioning (including the Trout/Reis) material and engage in their own surveys and research to determine how it might enhance its current marketability without radical changes. If it ain’t broke, don’t try to fix it. Should Phillips want to engage outside professionals in the future, this initial study and research will put Phillips in a knowledgeable position that will result in maximum results for the least possible cost obtained from those professionals. Proceeding in this fashion will assure Phillips re-inforces, rather than loses, its clear, stable and identifiable position in its customers’ minds, when it embarks on its launching of new companies. Transformation of Health Care  Phillips is interested in continuing to grow to the point it can contribute to, if not lead, a transformation of health care. There are two major hurdles to clear in effectuating such a transformation. The first, Phillips seems quite aware of already. Dr. Julian Whitaker put the problem very succinctly and frankly on Phillips Health’s own web links, Our health press has gotten Dangerously Dumb! Dr. Whitaker perhaps could have generalized more and been as accurate by removing health as adjective before press. Nonetheless, the result is the same. News, health and otherwise, has become so dummied down that any industry that relies on a well educated, relatively well-informed and free-thinking consumer base is fighting an uphill battle. This problem is exacerbated by the second hurdle that placed by the medical establishment and most particularly pharmaceutical manufacturers. No industry has a greater advertising budget. It is so wealthy it also constitutes the most well-heeled lobbying network in Washington and state capitals across the U.  S. The pharmaceutical industry’s plethora of immediate pain relief products (both physical and mental pain) for already existing maladies requires the least understanding on the part of its potential consumers to create want. Therefore their billions in advertising fits hand-in-glove with the short attention span, and dummied down nature, of conventional, modern media. Phillips has experienced some success in clearing those hurdles by way of offering a number of its own more educated health publications. Yet, there is an existing vehicle that Phillips might explore to exponentially increase the reach of it message. That is the alternative media field. There are literally tens of thousands of independent, and in most cases, small local newspapers across America. They have increased in number coincident with the increase of the consolidation of traditional media by corporate take-over. Before Phillips dismisses the idea as an invitation to go counter-culture, it ought to consider four factors. First, alternative is a term that has become increasingly mainstream. Certainly, during the sixties and seventies alternative was easily positioned with counter-culture. But since the eighties and into the new millenium the adjectival alternative has commonly been linked with such mainstream media as country music, comedy, mathematics, education, foods, radio and a host of other American activities and pasttimes. In seeming irony, even ultra conservative talk radio hosts refer to themselves as alternative news. Second, the readership of alternative news publications are predominantly free thinkers; just the population who would be open to purchasing the types of health care products Phillips offers. Third, alternative news outlets are extremely inexpensive to advertise in. Fourth, alternative news publications often consist of contributed material (they cannot afford to retain full time reporters) so they are generally open to news material submitted to them. Particularly, when that news offers insight not available on corporate media. Taking these four factors into consideration, Phillips may want to establish a writing unit that churns out high quality pieces on its wide array of product. The unit would establish a massive mailing list of alternative publications, in addition to straight health publications, that it regularly sends its material out to. You need not limit the work of such a reporting unit to alternative media. There are tens of thousands of local town newspapers that need material, and perhaps surprisingly are open to alternative ideas. Long Term In the long-term, there are other potentially effective avenues of exploration to consider in creating a the transformation of health care. It is recommended Phillips conduct two studies in particular. Only a couple decades ago Chiropractors were widely considered quacks. Four decades ago the AMA and FDA were actively attempting to destroy the practice. Chiropractors, like preventative health supplement suppliers, exchange a service that when practiced responsibly has the capability to preventing serious, debilitating health conditions. Now, Chiropractors are covered on virtually all employee health insurance plans in America. Imagine if the full array of Phillips products, including those taken on a purely preventative basis, were covered in health plans, private and governmental. Ignorance, prejudice, and jealous competition are the only factors in the path of that reality. It is recommended Phillips study the history of Chiropractors to see how this health practice went from outlaw to mainstream in such a short period of time. There may be a number of lessons learned in terms of making a greater number of your products eligible for government support. The second recommended study is of the physical fitness industry. While Phillips Health’s webpage shows an effort to engage the health field generally, it does not show a focus on fitness. Walk into any major gym these days, and you are likely to find an adjoining supplements shop. Natural supplements are discussed regularly among regular gym-goers, and it is a common topic in fitness magazines such as Men’s Health and Men’s Journal. Increasingly, those concerned with their own physical fitness are becoming more holistic in health outlook. They are looking for healthy diets and vitamin and mineral supplements. Many are exercising in the first place because they want to attain the type of health standards many of Phillips’ products are aimed at achieving. From an outsider’s view, the watchword suggested is reinforce your gains. Isolate what you are doing that is right, and redouble that effort. Engage in expansion plans, and achieving visions for transformation, without upsetting your winning strategy.

Literature Review of Research related to Performance Appraisal

Literature Review of Research related to Performance Appraisal This chapter served as the foundation for the development of this study. An overview of the extensive historical research related to performance appraisal,as well as the theories of motivation related to performance appraisals is presented. 2.1 Performance Appraisal System 2.1.1 Meaning of performance: There are different views on what performance means. According to Brumbrach (1988, cited in Armstrong, 2000): Performance can be actions as well as their consequences. Behaviours originate from a performer and convert performance from a concept to an act. Not just the instruments for results, behaviours are also outcomes in their own right the product of mental and physical effort applied to tasks and can be judged apart from results. The above definition considers performance to be involving both the actions, in other word behaviours, taken during the process in attempting to achieve goals and outputs obtained as a result from the effort. Following this, Armstrong (2000) emphasizes the need for managers to deal with the potential of employees and accomplishments while managing performance. To determine if performance has been achieved, measures have to be developed to appraise the accomplishments and establish the rate at which it has been accomplished. Above all, performance should be about the decision and action taken with available information at any existing situation. 2.1.2 Performance Management System (PMS) Noe et al (2006) define performance management as the process through which managers ensure that employees activities and outputs are congruent with the organisations goals.The concept of performance management has contributed a lot in the development Human Resource Management in recent years. The concept was first coined by Beer and Ruh in 1976. However, it is barely in the mid 1980s that it had been accepted as a distinctive approach. Performance Management is widely being used in organizations so as to obtain the best results by trying to improve performance of the workforce. Goals and standards are being planned well beforehand in order to get satisfied outcomes. 2.1.3 Performance Appraisal System (PAS) Performance appraisal also known as performance review, formally documents the achievements of an individual with regards to set targets. It is a component of PMS. The system has become an essential management tool in todays organizations. Managing employees performance can be said to be as important as any other work that all managers execute during the year. Grote (2002) describes performance appraisal as a formal management tool that helps evaluate the performance quality of an employee. Schneier and Beatty as cited in Patterson (1987) define it as a process which apart from evaluating also identifies and develops human performance. According to Karol (1996) performance appraisal includes a communication event planned between a manager and an employee specifically for the purpose of assessing that employees past job performance and discussing areas for future improvement. 2.1.4 History of PAS The history of performance appraisal is fairly concise. Appraisal really began with the Second World War. It was used to assess results. Dulewicz (1989) says that there is an indispensable human inclination to judge the work of other people as well as ones own work.It can thus be said that appraisal is both unavoidable and universal. Even without the existence of a planned appraisal system, one can have a tendency and find it natural to evaluate the job performance of another easily and subjectively. Performance appraisal was seen in the industry in early 1800. Randell (1994) identified its use in Robert Owens use of silent monitors in the cotton mills of Scotland. The Silent monitors were in terms of blocks of wood with different colours painted on each visible side and it was hung above each employees work station. At the end of the day, the block was turned so that a particular colour, representing a grade of the employees performance, could be seen by everyone. (Weise and Buckley, 1998) Subjective evidence indicates that this practice had a facilitating influence on subsequent behavior. Spriegel(1962) and Weise and Buckley(1998) affirm that by the early 1950s, 61 per cent of organizations regularly used performance appraisals, compared with only 15 per cent immediately after World War II. DeVries et al. (1981) pointed out the primary tool to be the trait-rating system, which focused on past actions, using a standard, numerical scoring system to appraise people on the basis of a previously established set of dimensions. The main tool, used under here was trait rating system. The concept of Management by Objective (MBO) was first proposed by Peter Drucker in 1954. Mcgreror then used it in the appraisal process in the year 1957. He suggested that, employees should be appraised on the basis of short-term goals, rather than traits, which are jointly set by the employee and the manager. Weise and Buckley (1998) affirm that this method was very advantageous as it lead to a transformation of a managers role from being a judge to a helper. It also showed that employees productivity ultimately leads to performance. However, when employees performance was measured on the basis of units, then MBO was ineffective. This lead to new development in the appraisal process and the employees were evaluated on the basis of behaviour based rating. Smith and Kendall (1963) designed the first tool to focus on behaviors and it was the Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales (BARS). 2.1.5 Modern Appraisal Todays performance appraisal process has evolved into a more planned and formal process. It is used as a means which helps identify and compare employees performances. The appraisals data are frequently being used to review several Human Resources decision. It can determine any need for career developments and trainings. For issues such as raise in salaries, rewards and promotions, employers are more and more making use of the appraisals results. Appraisals have now developed into a regular and intervallic system in organizations, normally carried out at least once a year. When talking about the modern approach to appraisal, the term feedback cannot be ignored. The one-to-one discussion between supervisors and subordinates gives rise to feedback and is referred to as the feedback process. This process can improve communication all through the organization but also it can reinforce employees relationships with their superiors. This is so as the workers have the feeling that they do matter to the organization and that their needs are being taken into consideration. The performance appraisal system has most likely become a future-oriented approach as it aims to improve future performances by considering present problems. 2.1.6 Purposes of PAS The most known purpose of performance appraisal is to improve performance of individuals. Cummings and Shwab (1973) held that performance appraisal has basically two important purposes, from an organizational point of view and these are: 1. The maintenance of organizational control 2. The measurement of the efficiency with which the organizations human resources are being utilized. Still, there are also a variety of other declared purposes for appraisal as per Bratton and Gold (2003) and Bowles and Coates (1993) and some are; improving motivation and morale of the employees, clarifying the expectations and reducing the uncertainty about performance, determining rewards, identifying training and development needs, improving communication, selecting people for promotion, discipline, planning corrective actions and setting targets. Furthermore, Bowles and Coates (1993) conducted a postal survey of 250 West Midland companies in June 1992, where organizations were asked questions pertaining to the use of Performance management in the organization. These questions included the apparent purpose of PA in the management of work, its strengths and weaknesses. Through their survey they found out that PA was beneficial in the following ways: PA was favorable in developing the communication between employer and employee It was useful in defining performance expectations It helped identified training needs. Performance appraisal can thus be used as an effective tool to improve employees job performance by identifying strengths and weaknesses, meeting of targeted goals and providing training if needed. 2.1.7 Techniques of PAS There are several commonly used techniques of performance appraisal as reviewed by Oberg (1972). They are as follows: Essay Appraisal, Paired Comparison, Graphic Review Scale, Weighted Checklist, Person to Person Rating, Forced Ranking, Critical Incidents. The above techniques were the traditional ones but the methods most widely used today are: Management by Objectives Employees are requested to put up their own performance objectives. They are then judged through these objectives by verifying whether they were satisfied or not. However, in many cases organizations themselves set their standards and goals even after consulting employees. 360 Degree Feedback 360 Degree Feedback is a process in which employees receive private and anonymous feedback from the people who work around them. Kettley (1997) says that when an individual receives feedback from different sources of the organization, including peers, subordinate staff, customers and themselves, the process is called 360 degree feedback or appraisal. The employee is then assessed using those received feedback 2.1.8 Feedback Feedback about the effectiveness of an individuals behavior has long been recognized as essential for learning and for motivation in performance-oriented organizations. Ilgen et al.(1979) stated that feedback is considered as an important tool in performance appraisalprocess. Feedback can be a useful tool for development, especially if it is specific and behaviorally oriented, as well as both problem-oriented and solution-oriented according to Murphy and Cleveland (1995). One of the basic purposes of formal appraisal process is the provision of clear and performance based feedback to employees. Carroll and Scheiner(1982) affirmed that some organisations use feedback as a development tool,while in some organizations it is used for merit evaluation and compensation adjustment. McEvoy and Buller(1987),Wohlers and Gallagher( 1990) contributed that feedback is very essential for the employees because it forms a baseline for the employees which help them to get a review of their past perfo rmance and chance to improve their skills for the future. Ashford (1986) says that when feedback is considered as a valuable resource, then only the individuals feel motivated to seek it, which helps in reducing uncertainty and provides information relevant to self-evaluations. There is also evidence that performance feedback (if given appropriately) can lead to substantial improvements in future performance (Guzzo et al., 1985; Kopelman, 1986; Landy et al., 1982) Fedor et al. (1989); Ilgen et al. (1979) identified that it is commonly accepted that negative feedback is perceived as less accurate and thus less accepted by recipients than positive feedback.Furthermore, Fedoret al. (1989) found that negative performance appraisal feedback was less accepted and perceived as less accurate than positive performance appraisal feedback. 2.1.9Views Organisations Employees have on P.A.S Evans (1986) asserts that many employees believe that their promotion or salary increments depend mostly on their performance. Employees therefore are in a dilemma and consider this situation as survival of the fittest. They know for a fact that, their performance will only be taken into consideration at the end of the day. So, in order to grow in the company they need to be proactive towards their work. The feedback the employee receives from his superior, may simply describe the level of performance achieved. Hence, it becomes important for the managers to conduct the appraisal technique correctly. Employees can only accept criticism if it is useful and important to them. Managers should therefore know how to give information regarding progress made in performance and how to present criticism as well. Meyer et.al (1965) carried out a study in General Electric Company where certain points relating to performance feedback was highlighted. In this study, 92 employees were appraised by their managers on two occasions over two weeks. The study was carried out using questionnaires, interviews and observation. The first appraisal highlighted performance and salary while the second one underlined performance and improvement. It was observed that lots of criticisms were pointed out by the managers, which lead to defensive behaviour of the employees. The conclusion of the study was that criticism leads a negative impact on the motivation and performance of the employees. Also feedback sessions designed to improve performance should not at the same time consider salary and promotion issues. Ilgenet. al (1979) add that employees who believe that the appraisal system is under any kind of bias, are most likely to be dissatisfied by their work and can also leave their jobs. On the other hand Murphy and Cleveland highlighted one possible reason for the widespread dissatisfaction with performance appraisal in organization as the systems used by these help neither them nor their employees in meeting the desired goals. Landy et al. (1978), Klasson et al. (1980), and Tang and Sarsfield-Baldwin (1996) found evidence that the assignment of raters influences perceptions of fairness and accuracy in performance appraisals and hence about the whole process itself. Nevertheless, according to Jacobs, KafryZedeck (1980) employees perceive PA to give them a proper understanding of their duties and responsibilities towards the organization. Likewise, organization sees it as a tool to assess employees on a common ground and one which helps in salary and promotions decisions, training and development programs. In many circumstances appraisal plans are interpreted by managers as a system that helps an organization to change regular priorities and usual ways of working and in so doing to alter its strategic direction. Hence, in circumstances where change cannot be attained by managerial proclamation, appraisal takes on the character of an engine of change. When managers look at appraisal from this angle they hope that it will bring about a change in strategic direction and organizational behaviour. Researchers have suggested that reaction to performance appraisal is critical to the acceptance and use of a performance appraisal system (Bernardin Beatty, 1984; Cardy Dobbins, 1994; Murphy Cleveland, 1995). Reactions may even contribute to the validity of a system (Ostroff, 1993). Cardy and Dobbins (1994) suggest that with dissatisfaction and feelings of unfairness in process and inequity in evaluations, any performance appraisal system will be doomed to failure (p. 54). Murphy and Cleveland (1995) stated that reaction criteria are almost always relevant, and an unfavorable reaction may doom the carefully constructed appraisal system. 2.1.10Benefits of PAS Possibly the most important benefit of appraisal is that, in the rush and pressure of todays working life, it allows the supervisor and subordinate to have time out for a one-on-one discussion of indispensable work problems that might not otherwise be addressed. Likewise, the existence itself of an appraisal system indicates to employees that the organization is genuinely concerned with their individual performances and advancement. This only can have a positive impact on the employees sense of worth, commitment and belonging. Appraisal offers the rare chance to focus on employment activities and objectives, to spot and correct existing problems and to enhance favorable future performance. Thus the performance of the whole organization is improved. Performance appraisal usually provides employees with acknowledgment for their work efforts, if any and as a result it brings them satisfaction. Actually, there are facts supporting that human beings will even prefer negative recognition in rather than no recognition at all. During performance appraisals, feedbacks are obtained. These provide vital information on whether training and development needs should be considered. The presence or lack of working skills, for example, can become very obvious. The supervisor and subordinate can thus agree upon any demand for training. As far as the organization is concerned, the overall appraisal results can provide a regular and efficient training needs audit for the organization as a whole. The information obtained from appraisals can also give indication on an organizations recruitment and selection practices. This can be done by screening the performance of recently hired workers. The general quality of the workforce can also be monitored by assessing any improvement or decline performances. Changes if needed in the recruitment strategies can then be considered. 2.1.11Criticisms related to P.A.S There are several problems in the actual performance appraisal primarily due to rater bias. Some supervisors are too lenient and thus have a tendency to rate all employees positively rather than really measuring their performance. Another problem is the central tendency where supervisors position the majority of the employees in the center of the performance scale, even though they deserve a better or worse grade. The halo effect is another error usually made during appraisals. This arises when a supervisors general feeling about an employee influences the overall judgment. Performance appraisal systems are at times criticized for weaknesses in the system design itself. Sometimes they assess the wrong behaviours or consequences, or focus on employees personality instead of on their work performances. Very often standards for appraising employees are not related to the work itself. As a consequence employees may not likely be interested in such a system where performance standards are unsuccessful in highlighting important aspects of the jobs. Some organizations founds that PAS is a constant cause of tension, since evaluative and developmental concerns come often into disagreement. It is said that the appraisal can serve only one of them at a time. Also they find it dehumanize and demoralize to pass on judgments which then become source of apprehension and stress to employees. Many researchers such as Derven (1990) expressed doubts about the effectiveness and dependability of the appraisal process. Some found the process to be imperfect in nature. Moreover, Gabris Mitchell found a disturbing bias in the appraisal process called the Matthew Effect. It is said to take place in cases where employees keep on receiving the same evaluation each year. This denotes that there is the belief that if an employee has work well, he or she will continue on that pace. The Matthew Effect advocates that even if employees struggle to do well, their past appraisal reports will discriminate their future progress. Accuracy is important in appraisals. However for raters to appraise employees accurately, they should give unbiased results. Unfortunately accurate ratings are quite impossible as researchers affirm that personal liking, look, former impressions, gender and race will certainly manipulate appraisals, that is, there will always be some kind of biasness. 2.1.12Conclusion about PAS There are various schools of beliefs as to the validity and reliability of performance appraisals. While Derven (1990) doubts about its dependability, Lawrie (1990) finds it to be the most important aspect of organizations. A recent survey concluded that more than fifty per cent of the workforce wishes that their supervisors list the performance objectives much more specifically and clearly. The same survey revealed that 42 per cent of the employees were rather disappointed their organisations performance appraisal system. Many supervisors make the wrong use of appraisal. They use it as a punitive tool rather than helping their subordinates to improve their performance and overcome work problems. According to Shelley Riebel, as in the Detroit News (April 11, 1998) often managers are unsuccessful to explain what they really expect from their employees and fail to well describe the criteria used for assessing their performance. The data obtained during the appraisal process should be wisely used and considered. Still, for performance appraisal to be successful, it is important to carry it out on a regular and consistent basis. This will allow supervisors to follow and review employees work. Raters often make the mistake of emphasizing too much on mistakes committed by the employees. Rather, if ever some problem is spotted by the supervisor, the issue should be discussed with the employee concerned and both should try work on a solution. 2.2 Motivation Performance Appraisal System 2.2.1 Introduction to Motivation Motivation can be defined as the driving force that moves us to pursue a certain goal, or trigger a particular action. It can be considered as the desire within a person causing him or her to act. People generally act for a motive and that is to achieve a specific objective. Two main types of motivation have been noted, namely intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation comes from the inner self while extrinsic motivation arises when external factors require one to perform something. According to Passer and Smith (2004) the concept motivation refers to a course of action that influences the determination, direction and dynamism of goal-directed behaviour. Similarly, Kreitner and Kinicki (2007) assert that motivation represents psychological practices that stimulate voluntary actions. In the work context, as confirmed by Coetsee (2003), motivation entails the readiness of individuals and groups to put much effort so as to achieve organizational goals. From the above, it can be construed that there exists no single and general definition for motivation. Yet, Boje and Rosile (2004) regard motivation as an authoritarian ideology, a way to manipulate performance and where visions of self-actualisation need gratification. This view might be too negative to consider, but the rise in capitalism has been driven by high concentration motivation programmes which sometimes turn employees into production machines. 2.2.2 Motivation and P.A.S in Organisation Today Motivation can be the key to a successful organization. It is often claimed that the best businesses have the best motivated workers. Well motivated employees are said to be more productive and perform quality work. It remains however one of the most challenged tasks for managers to motivate their staffs as everyone is unique. A supervisor should strive to tie in the companys goals together with the employees individual goals through performance management. Moreover, the whole performance appraisal process and its result can affect an employees motivation. As highlighted by Cummings and Swabs (1973), employees performance is the outcome of the employees motivation to perform. In an organisational context, the performance is appraised by assessing the employees aptitudes and potentials to achieve the set goals. 2.2.3 Theories of Motivation related to P.A.S 2.2.3.1 Edwin Lockes Goal Setting Theory A main element for efficiently coaching employees is by using goal setting. Edwin Locke (1968) introduced the Goal Setting Theory whereby employees get motivated to work for the organisation when they are given specific and pronounced goals to achieve. This theory emphasizes that hard goals produce a higher level of performance than easy goals. Secondly, particular hard goals produce higher level of output and lastly, behavioural intentions lead to choice behaviour. Many, who study the relationship between performance and motivation in organizations, will agree that goal-setting and explanation creates confidence in the workers. By clearly explaining the meaning of the goals, employees will have a clear view on what the organization wants to achieve. Coetsee (2003) affirms that the most performing workers are goal-directed. Set goals allow employees to accomplish organisational vision, aims and strategic objectives. The assumption made here is that when people recognise and understand what is expected from them and how they are to be met, they will be motivated to achieve them within the time-limit. With regard to coaching, goal-setting theory has been used more than any other as a framework to motivate employees to improve their performance. The early work of Maier (1958) and Meyer et al. (1965) emphasized goal setting in the appraisal process. In a study, Latham et al. (1978) found that consistent with the theorys predictions, employee participation in setting the goals resulted in higher performance than assigning them, not because of greater goal commitment, but rather due to high goals being set. According to Dossett et al. (1979), a similar result was observed with Weyerhaeusers word processing employees. Goals and objectives set by the employers and employees should be discussed regularly. Erez (1977) asserted that for difficult goals to result in high performance, sufficient feedback is very important. 2.2.3.2 Behaviour Maintenance Model (BMM) Cummings and Swabs presented the Behaviour Maintenance Model (BMM) to illustrate how people are motivated to perform efficiently in an organisation. This model emphasises on the significance of outcomes in the motivational process. Fig.1: Behavior Maintenance Model This framework shows that goal aspirations results in goal attainment and motivation. When goal attainment is achieved by the employee, it leads to job satisfaction which in turn leads the employee to become motivated. 2.2.3.3 Victor Vrooms Expectancy theory Expectancy theory is an idea that was introduced by Victor Vroom. The theory as explained by KreitnerKinicki (2007) is based on the assumption that people are motivated to act in ways that will be followed by valued and desired outcomes. The theory says that an employee might be motivated when there is a belief that a better performance will result in a good performance appraisal which will help in the realization of personal goals. The theory focuses on motivation as the combination of valence, instrumentality and expectancy. Valence is the value of the alleged result. Instrumentality is the point of view of an individual whether he or she will really obtain what they want. It shows that successful act will eventually lead to the desired result. Expectancy refers to the different level of expectations as well as confidence regarding ones capability. Employees believe that these create a motivational force and this force can be represented by the formula: Motivation = Valence x Expec tancy The theory focuses on three things: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Efforts and performance relationship à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Performance and reward relationship à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Rewards and personal goal relationship 2.2.4 Conclusion: Performance Appraisal as Motivator? From the above reviews, it can be seen that no such research has been done to show if performance appraisal really acts as a motivator to employees. Bratton and Gold (2003) and Bowles and Coates (1993) claimed motivation to be one of the purposes of appraisals. It remains unconditional to know whether performance appraisal has a role to play in employees motivation. The research will therefore try to answer the following research questions: Does the Performance Appraisal System affect employees motivation? Does the system affect more a specific category of employees? How do employees perceive the PAS at the MRA? How do employees perceive feedback? Does the level of importance given to the system directly affect the employees motivation? Does the trust put on the appraiser influences the employees motivation?

Otherness and the Rhetoric of Imperialist Discourse :: Free Essays Online

Otherness and the Rhetoric of Imperialist Discourse Le yo vle touye yon chen, yo di’l fou. (When they want to kill a dog, they say it’s crazy.) ---Haitian Proverb When Elizabethan map makers came upon an area of the globe that was yet to be thoroughly explored by â€Å"western† civilization, they would give a rough estimate as to its shape and terrain, and then label it as Terra incognita, or â€Å"unknown land.† To help illustrate exactly how unknown this land was, images of demons and a variety of other monsters filled space usually inhabited by the names of cities, rivers and deserts. While the labeling itself could at first sight be dismissed as a simple acknowledgment of ignorance (as it certainly was,) an understanding of traditional cultural attitudes within imperialist countries provides us with the tools to see such language and imagery as highly representative of an ideology exemplified (though certainly not monopolized) by England during the period. What is so striking about terra incognita is not so much its name or the images it connects to nonwestern culture, but the fact that betrays even something as scientific and functional as a map to be a form of discourse deeply enmeshed in ideology. In a imperialist society, cultural discourse tends to seep into nearly every aspect of human communication and interaction, and is frequently characterized by an emphasis on separation, classification, and the idea of opposites. This seperative effect exploits differences in ideology, race, religion, tradition, clothing style, and language, among others, to create a images of â€Å"cultural oppositeness.† Such images are exactly the type that Edward Said describes in his book Orientalism. As Said puts it, orientalism â€Å"is a style of thought based upon ontological and epistemological distinction made between ‘the Orient’ and (most of the time) ‘the Occident.’†[1] These distinctions can be found in all colonial and imperialist societies, including those that benefit from modern day manifestations of such constructions. The effect of separating â€Å"first world† or â€Å"Occidental† culture from that found in countries outside the â€Å"Occident† is to create a general perception of the people practicing these cultures as â€Å"Others.† â€Å"Otherness† (a term frequently used in critiques of imperialist discourse,) is usually synonymous with poor, â€Å"third world,† or â€Å"pre industrialized,† and suggests many of the same remedies that have been prescribed to countries suffering from â€Å"otherness† and â€Å"Orientalism† for hundreds of years.

Dream Job Essays -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Career Project A career I would be interested in pursuing is being a park ranger. This job interests me because I love spending time outdoors and with people. It also is an interest of mine to keep our wonderful parks and woodland environments safe and to have them still be around for many more generations to come.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The job of a park ranger is to enforce laws, regulations and policies in national, state, county, or municipal parks with dangerous wildlife, bad terrain, or in bad weather situations. Park rangers do task such as vehicle and personal registration, fee collections and issuing of permits. They must give information about the park use, safety requirements and special points of interest. Park rangers also help in the care and maintenance or parks. They help visitors utilize the natural surroundings that they visit. Park rangers are involved in the police aspect of parks also. They direct traffic, investigate accidents, and patrol to help prevent fires, theft, and vandalism. They can evict or arrest persons who violate park rules and regulations. Park rangers take part in rescue and first aid when needed. Rangers in certain climates might specialize such as snow safety or avalanche control. Conservation is key with park ranges. They study wildlife behavior, plants, wa ter, and pollution, plus the use of parklands. Some may be involved in the planning, construction, maintenance, landscaping, or management ...

Analyzing Nursing Philosophy Essay -- knowledge, beliefs, god

Nursing is what has brought us together. We have started our Bachelor’s Completion to further our education. I consider that during the Associate, I learned the skills to become a nurse. Now, that I am exploring topics such as time management, analyze my nursing philosophy, and learn how to develop a portfolio, I feel I am beginning to understand what is to be a nurse. Before I went to College to study nursing, I had a philosophy about it which has evolved as I have gained experience and knowledge. Merriam Webster’s (2003) defined philosophy as â€Å"an analysis of the grounds of and concepts expressing fundamental beliefs† (p.930). Therefore, our nursing philosophy should help us identify what our priorities are and how we should act as a nurse. Although I know my nursing philosophy will keep changing over time, currently, I have a clear idea of what my beliefs are. I feel that a nurse should be motivated to help others, do something meaningful, and make a difference in other people’s lives. A nurse should be someone who values God’s creations, values life, and respects its course. A nurse should be a good listener and do no harm. In addition, I consider that nurses should be able to self-assess themselves to avoid being judgmental when caring for people from diverse backgrounds. Moreover, I think that a nurse should also pay attention to detail to catch any errors or to identify early some disease processes. A nurse should also respect others’ ideas and decisions, and should be eager to learn as the field evolves. Finally, I believe a nurse should be strong and sensitive at the same time to treat others with humanity and provide support. However, this philosophy could not exist without four main concepts which are health, nursi... ...to learn more about that. I cannot wait to exchange impressions about our nursing philosophy as well as learn more about the professional portfolio development. I hope you have found my post interesting. I truly enjoyed the topics and I felt I had a lot to say so hopefully it was not too long. Thank you in advance for taking the time to read my post and commenting on it. Works Cited Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. Oermann, M.H. (2002). Developing a professional portfolio in nursing. Orthopaedic Nursing, 21(2). Retrieved from http://www.nursing-informatics.com/Oermann.pdf University of Michigan School of Nursing (2004). Nursing resumes & portfolios. Retrieved May 28, 2014 from http://www.nursing.umich.edu/about-our-school/computing-technology/electronic-portfolios/nursing-resumes-portfolios

Tragic Hero

Arthur Pendragon; Fit For A King? Arthur was crowned king not only at a young age but also completely unexpectedly. Arthur did not ask to be king, he was still a child and did not feel he was worthy of such a position. Arthur’s lack of confidence and trust in himself defines him as a king and his ability to rule. Arthur’s dependency on others proves to be King Arthur’s tragic flaw. As a child Arthur was brought up as Sir Kay, his foster brother’s, Squire. He grew up serving to others demands, it was never necessary for him to make his own decisions. Arthur just did what he was told and tried to please Sir Kay.This flaw first appears in the book The Sword and the Circle, Sir Kay tried to take credit for pulling the sword out of the stone when in reality Arthur had been the one to retrieve it. Sir Kay took all the glory and was going to allow him to be unjustly crowned. Arthur did not speak up or question Kay’s story; He did not receive the credit he deserved until Sir Kay admitted to not being the one to have relinquished the sword. Even after Arthur was appointed king he did not make decisions on his own. He had Merlin by his side to help him. When Merlin left King Arthur to rule on his own Arthur did not know what to do.He was left in a state of uncertainty and fell into what seemed like depression. Also In the book The Sword and the Circle, Arthur discovers the love affair between Lancelot and his wife, Guinevere, and punishes them both but Lancelot ends up rescuing Guinevere. Sir Lancelot asks for King Arthur’s forgiveness and as much as Arthur would like to Gawain will not allow him to accept the apology. Later Sir Mordred and Sir Gawain convince Arthur to go to war against Lancelot. This leads to the splitting of the Knights of the Round Table and the battle between Sir Mordred and King Arthur, which eventually lead to King Arthur’s death.If Arthur had stood by his decision and was not so easily convinced by Gawain the battle could have been avoided and Arthur could have changed the course of his and his kingdom’s fate. On many other accounts King Arthur’s decisions depended on the influence of others, this being one of his tragic flaws can be held accountable for the downfall of King Arthur and his Kingdom. Although technically Arthur was born to be king he did not possess the attributes to be one. He had to compensate in other ways to make up for his weakness, but overall this personality fluke immobilizes Arthur from becoming the great king he had the potential to be. Tragic Hero * Macbeth as a tragic hero: Discuss In Macbeth written by William Shakespeare, Macbeth who is the main character is a tragic hero that suffers from Hamartia which is ambition in Macbeth’s character and that leads him to his downfall, A tragic hero character according to Aristotle must be moral, have virtues and suffers from Hamartia which is a flaw in character that eventually leads to his defeat and downfall at the end of the play. Macbeth is a great person who was a brave warrior in addition a great leader who won several wars for his king as the dramatist shows him in the first pages of the play.Macbeth is great physically and morally, in one hand his physical skills achieved in the battle scenes as the dramatist shows him as a brave warrior who always achieve victory to his country besides he was called ‘’ Brave Macbeth’’ and ‘’ Belladonna’s bride groom’’, in the other hand Duncan his king well-likes, trusts and respects him because of his moral greatness and kindness and that’s what makes his wife Lady Macbeth affirmed that he is morally great when she says ‘’ he is the too full of the milk of human kinds’’.Ambition is the tragic flaw / Hamartia of Macbeth which leads to his defeat; he was affected by the prophecies of the three witches. However the first prophecy of the three witches fulfilled and that Macbeth will be the Thane of Cawdor this was the first step for Macbeth to be ambition to the idea of becoming a king.Here begins the evil side of Macbeth to show as he changes from being a noble man to evil one, he has virtues and morals at the beginning of the play and he was honourable man who was respected and admired by his king and then he became an evil man who want to do anything just to take the crown for himself and be the king instead of Duncan, this clarify that he is aware of what he has done and he committed the tragic mistake opened eyed.In a ddition his wife Lady Macbeth was very interested in becoming a Queen so she starts to encourages and convinces him to decide upon a solution which can makes them be a King and Queen, she succeed in convincing him that his fate is to be the king, which made him kill the king Duncan, that shows the character of Lady Macbeth as a very ambition woman who was determine that Macbeth must be the king. After Macbeth committed the first crime of killing the kind Duncan Macbeth’s character begin to overthrow and he starts to become upset from the idea that he become a murderer and he begin to say that all he water in the world cannot wash Duncan blood of his hands, this shows that he starts to realize the guilt that has been done by him and the crime affected him that he starts to imagine Duncan’s murder scene over and over which shows the reversal of his character and that he didn’t care about the consequences of the crime at the beginning but now he realize what heâ₠¬â„¢s done was terrible, besides after he killed Banquo half of him wishes that he had never done the murders and the other half tells him that he already committed the crimes and he cannot go back and what’s done cannot be undone.

Medical Paternalism or Patient Autonomy

Medical Paternalism or Patient shore leave At issue in the feud over health check paternalism is the problem of forbearing role self-direction. Medical paternalism can be defined as interfering with a tolerant ofs freedom for his or her take well-being patient self-sufficiency mover being able to act and need a finis intention all in ally, with understanding, and without controlling influences (Munson, 38 & 39). The principle of certain consent has get hold to be essential to either philosophical analysis of the tension amidst checkup paternalism and patient shore leave in health c be decision-making.However, disdain the obligatory duties physicians commit to their patients, patient involvement and informed consent should be valued in certain medical crusades. Consider, for example, the case of Monica, a 49-year-old woman who was admitted to the infirmary for acute respiratory insufficiency. As a heavy smoker, she had been experiencing dyspnea. Upon examination it appe ard she had several abnormalities in the chest. Following this she became cya nonic and nearly lost all consciousness.Further more(prenominal), a bronchoscopy revealed a large, tumor-like mass in her trachea. Upon further examination it was determined by a multidisciplinary give-and-take aggroup that Monica was so advanced in the tumor, removing it would non be mathematical, either by surgery or laser. In addition, chemotherapy and radiation therapy would not deem helped and entering a stent would hold been thorny. Monica had at nearly three more months to live.With much(prenominal) circumstanceors taken into removeation, the team up up devised four potential alternatives hit life-sustaining measures, continue mechanical ventilation system and heavy sedation without treating any complications, implant a stent without Monicas consent, or turn on Monica and inform her on the diagnosis and possible alternatives spot giving her the final choice. However, the te am does not believe that Monica will find the full indecorum to come upon a rational decision on her bear.Furthermore, the team worry that reducing sedation while Monica is being intubated will induce horr fireous tangible pain. The head teacher therefore carcass whether they should wake her and inform her diagnosis and scene and accommodate her to wee-wee the decision or make a medical paternal decision on her behalf. Because each possible alternative presented in this case have a similar unfortunate end result, it appears that the medical ethics issue at most line is the failure to venerate the patients autonomy.The principle of autonomy clearly dictates that Monica should have the opportunity to decide about her future. There are limits to compel suffering on patients in post to grant them autonomy in decision-making, except only patients themselves can know but what those limits are. Therefore the caregivers must ask if Monica would elect to be awakened from s edation at all. If so they must then consider whether she would requirement to participate in the difficult decision about her handling options.But despite these considerations, Monica has a right to be informed to a degree that she herself decides her medical fate. Therefore, the team should wake her. The harm done to her by wakeful her, however, should be kept to a minimum. She should know her diagnosis and prognosis, and that she can at any time delegate the decision-making male monarch to another person and receive sedating medication. The question for Monicas caregivers, then, is whether autonomy becomes overvalued when it conflicts with other values.When the possibility was discussed of waking Monica so that she could decide what to do next, the multidisciplinary treatment team worried that she would not be in any jell to make an autonomous decision on any possible issue when faced with physical suffering and a horrible prognosis, Consider, however, Kants Metaphysical Pr inciples of Virtue. In this article Kant states that everyone is neat in making his or her get decisions as human beings (Korsgaard). Therefore, Kant would argue that Monicas physicians are obligated to let her make her own treatment decision.He would even go far enough to say that the caregivers are in no position to legal expert her direct of competence. Accordingly, Monicas willingness to make a decision will think on her man-to-man level of pain and ability to moderate that she is near death it will not depend on the physicians judgments. Of course, not respecting Monicas autonomy would represent a decision that could be characterized as paternalism. Oftentimes, the word paternalism is associated with physicians telling patients what is satisfactory for them, without regard to the patients own needs and interests.In the larger sense, however, the relationship between physicians and patients is a paternalistic, beneficent relationship the physicians are expected to do what is medically surmount for the patient, according to Dworkin (Munson, 60). According to the principle of beneficence, physicians have a responsibility to act in ways that promote the well-being of their patients (Munson, 892). Monica faces so short a life expectancy, and the pure tone of that life can be presumed to be so miserable, that the caregivers may ask whether waking her just for the purpose of letting her recognise among her horrible options will in fact cause more harm than good.So when deciding about Monicas participation in the treatment decision, the caregivers are right to be have-to doe with about whether she will truly be competent when woken up. But if the underlying concern is competency, we can make the case that she is more than capable of making a treatment decision since there is no topper alternative among the treatment possibilities, Monica will not be in a position of asking the caregivers to do something that will chit-chat harm upon herself, and thus will not have to prove her competency on the highest standards.Therefore, paternalism and beneficence from this perspective is essentially distant overall. The caregivers are not at a position to provide what is medically dress hat for Monica because all options lead to about the uniform unfortunate outcome. In such case there is ultimately no drive why the caregivers cannot respect Monicas autonomy at the very least. One sensible argument against the respect for Monicas autonomy is that reducing sedation in an intubated patient like Monica in order to allow her to be informed about her bureau and to communicate her preferences will induce hearty physical pain.And learning in such a difficult moment that she is handout to die soon of lung cancer is liable(predicate) to be very painful psychologically. However, as stated previously, Monicas willingness to accept this suffering will depend on her individual level of pain and her ability to cope with both(prenominal) pain and learning that she is near death. maybe even more of the essence(predicate)ly, it will depend on whether there are important things in her life that she would like to pull through before she dies.Many patients would like at least to say goodbye to their loved ones or clarify a relationship by and by a recent dispute. Monica might want to make a will or indicate how and by whom her affairs should be handled after her death. Such factors are extremely important to consider upon the last fewer months of a patients life. whole caboodle Cited Korsgaard, C. M. , Autonomy in Kants example Philosophy. 1990 Munson, R. Intervention and Relfection. Boston Clark Baxter, 2012. Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Balancing Penn Foster Studies Essay

Balancing Penn foster studies with maneuver and family Being a full clock sequence working father of one, I befuddle the responsibility of taking caring of my mother, wife and son. However this doesnt hinder me to conserve my studies, though it has some difficulties on ad sightlying the life in in the midst of my studies and family life. The hardest part for me in balance my studies, work and family demands is just how to commemorate up the time so everything is fit out. I guess that we all must(prenominal) have to make personal sacrifices in order to be successful and have a fulfilling life.With proper preparation however the sleep between work, family, and collage studies is realistic to obtain. Everyday I must make choices on how I exit manage my time so I can follow the commensurateness of my studies, work, and family demands. Maintaining the balance between everything is an everyday process. This is where the real task of balance takes place. While be the Penn f oster online courses and sitting time back for my studies, I in any case have a family to take care of, which requires most of my time. I to a fault have a full time personal credit line that requires me to work on the grave yard shift. scorn the fact that each of the responsibilities need more time on their own I have to set precise times up in a daily planner and discuss these set of specific times with my family and friends so that they can help me keep the balance between work, family demands, and my collage studies. I receive that raft struggle everyday to balance their studies, work, and family demands. However, I also believe that each person must come up with their own way of balancing things out in their life, so they are intelligent and successful.Keeping the balance between work, family demands, and college can be a very difficult process to do, and with the support from family and friends it can be done. Generally speaking, slide fastener is in possible in this w orld. Many large number think that once they have their own family they repel their studies and focus on their work. This is all because they think they will not get enough time to centre on their studies while looking after their work and family. I was also of such kind of great deal for long time until I got the advice from friends and families and got the courage to continue my studies.The difficulties of adjusting time cannot be denied however, managing ones time will light up all the difficulties. The idea of online studies has also contributed a circumstances in encouraging many working people who have family as well to continue their studies at their convenience time and place. Besides, going through the difficulties of attending your studies while taking care of your family and work is also worth as it will lead you to a better and successful life in the future.

Belonging in Romulus, My Father and This Is England

Our science of be is regulate by diverse aspects, iodine of the near(prenominal) the am eradicate way of these organism the restrain expectations of parliamentary law. As whiz to a deplorableer canstands and burys the soci t surface ensembley constructed definition of how an mortal lividthorn cash in ones chips, hotshot begins to judge themselves under this partitionification. This knowingness causes wholeness to inter swop and mannequin their behavior consort to their throw light of whether or non they last, which in romp is base on dedicatelinesss standards. It whitethorn make as a service of belong, or alternatively, as a barrier.This c erst dateit is unornamented in the initiative sen sequencent of the candidate This is England, as 12-year- e realwhereaged Shaun enters his in the buff school, carry on his fathers old blue jean jeans. He stands unable to dish up among his classmates, most in ties, hats and resembling jackets. This col fixing this instant registers Shauns chop-chop organise perception of how integrity whitethorn belong in this environment, as a date is initiated ca utilize by his dissonant selection of clothing. His find of be is laid by inns expectations, and hence his behavior is shape accordingly.Shaun merely isolates himself from the voxnership as a impart of this, sit down alone in the playground. This act as of mercilessness causes Shaun to trust goddamn upon his launch about, who brought him from Ger legion(predicate) to England, compulsive to acquire bread and moreoerter anew later on the finis of his father. Consequently, this gives face lift to the supererogatory privacy from what was once a place of belong, his star sign, and his family. A equal model is ostensible in Romulus, My Father, a annals compose by Raimond Gaita. Raimonds m separate Christine roll in the hays a animateness of rejection from social club.In ilk modality as S hane encountered upon woful to England, Christine held a powerful mavin of be to her home conclusion in Ger many a(prenominal), and because the explosive change in beautify still onlyed the isolation that was in addition influenced by her amiable disorder. Gaita feels that her psychological imbecility was exacerbated by the unwillingness of the re statusntial district to accept and help her.He explains the deportment of ball club as the homely mental attitude of a aim of nurse whose a nonher(prenominal) side sustain a distinctively Australian decency. Gaitas incarnation of confederation shows that the consequence to which this severeness has r distributivelyed is in kinde. more than(prenominal) was the plane section of the human essence in that part of the orb at that time. uniform many other intense divisions, it could non vex the many good ways of universe human. It provide most possibilities, wounded others and would non let in some notwithstanding to sympathize the sapless of mean solar day intelligence of belonging may arouse assist in the meliorate of her illness, but paradoxically it was her illness that meant she would neer experience a sensation of credence. federations expectations organise Christines current perception of belonging, in turn over determine her doings. The union in which she lived held a untroubled article of faith in use as a formation woodland by dint of which individuals show they bring in the right score to society. tomcat Lillie and others dis similar my get under ones skin partially because they axiom her sweet vivacity as a hazardously insidious construction of temperament in a fair sex they believed to be scatty altogether in use a characterless char. In its historical and ethnical context, women of awkward capital of Seychelles in the mid-fifties were pass judgment to forbear a buttoned-up nature. by chance that is wherefore women at that time and in that place were specially endangered to the damage attractions of middle-class respectability. The proscribe connotations wedded to the leger irregularity reflects Gaitas attitude to such(prenominal) restrictions, expressing through with(predicate) emphatic manner of speaking his grounds of those who atomic number 18 not speedy conformists to the expectations that society has created. The conjunction is repelled by her softness to business for Raimond, her promiscuousness and her regression with sort over responsibilities.Christines intellect that she may never belong in a society that holds such delimit expectations of women shapes her demeanour in that she pushes herself further out from the community, all the while influencing her to move to think a radio link with her family. This is England likewise emphasizes the ascendent ideology of its era. vacuous nationalism and nationalism were seen as the norm, and the social movement a gainst immigrants was ingrained collectible to the scope the scud was set in, a low class area, where unemployment records were exceedingly high.The correct withdraw displays each survey precise dispirited and white, as a mission of the earth of the issues in its context. Towards the end of the movie, jazz band and Shaun ensconce to bust a cheat with a Pakistani shop-keeper. As jazz band leaves the store, he threatens the shop-keeper, bellowing, this is our exact Shandy, and well scratch ere anytime we like. A close-up of the shaken shopkeeper, who does not strike back to combos words, shows that white population were accepted as organism master copy to colours.Shauns battle portrays his acceptance of the determine and customs duty that macrocosmness a skinhead require, and his alteration of his behaviour upon adhering to these expectations in order to belong. The final exam scene of the depiction shows Shaun go on the beach, carrying a British sag down. He pauses and throws the flag out to sea, a type of the intimacy he has gained and what has stimulate from his experiences. Shaun is seen at the same location in the generator of the film, this whirl being used as a profound and ocular simile that symbolises the issues and his understand of belonging have very much changed over time.