Emergence of Economic, Social and Political Ideas Essay

Introduction The new ideas that shaped our modern world are the influence of democracy, republicanism, nationalism and liberalism. Democracy is a form of gaovernment in which the citizen elects a representative to create laws on their behalf. Republicanism is a form of government in which the head of the state is the citizen of that nation rather than a monarch. A monarch is someone like a king, queen or an emperor. Nationalism is the belief that people of a similar race, culture or ideas ought to belong to the same nation state and liberalism was a movement aimed at protecting and improving the rights of individuals. Age of Revolution American Revolution The American Revolution was a political upheaval, 1765–1783, as the Thirteen American Colonies broke from the British Empire and formed an independent nation, the United States of America. Starting in 1765 the Americans rejected the authority of Parliament to tax them without elected representation. In 1774 the Patriots suppressed the Loy alists and expelled all royal officials. Each colony now had a new government that took control. The British responded by sending combat troops to re-establish royal control. Through the Second Continental Congress, the Patriots fought the British in the American Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1783. In early 1778, after an invading army from Canada was captured by the Americans, the French entered the war as allies of the United States. The naval and military power of the two sides was about equal, and France had allies in the Netherlands and Spain, while Britain had no major allies in this large-scale war. The war turned to the South, where the British captured an American army at South Carolina, but failed to enlist enough volunteers from Loyalist civilian to take effective control. A combined American–French force captured a second British army at Yorktown in 1781, effectively ending the war in the United States. A peace treaty in 1783 confirmed the new nations complete separation from the British Empire. The United States took possession of nearly all the territory east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes, with the British retaining control of Canada and Spain taking Florida. The American Revolution was the result of a series of social, political, and intellectual transformations in American society, government and ways of thinking and gained independence. French Revolution The French revolution was from 1780 to 1799. It brought an end to the medieval feudal system of land ownership ain France and eventually Europe but not everyone agreed with this. After the execution of King Louis XVI in 1793, opponents sought to crush it with the help of foreign armies (period known as Reign Of Terror). In the autumn of 1793, Robespierre and the Jacobins focused on addressing economic and political threats within France. What began as a proactive approach to reclaiming the nation quickly turned bloody as the government instituted its infamous campaign against internal opposition known as the Reign of Terror. Beginning in September, Robespierre, under the auspices of the Committee of Public Safety, began pointing an accusing finger at anyone whose beliefs seemed to be counterrevolutionary—citizens who had committed no crime but merely had social or political agendas that varied too much from Robespierre’s. The committee targeted even those who shared many Jacobin views but were perceived as just slightly too radical or conservative. During the nine-month period that followed, anywhere from 15,000 to 50,000 French citizens were beheaded at the guillotine. Even long-time associates of Robespierre such as Georges Danton, who had helped orchestrate the Jacobin rise to power, fell victim to the paranoia. When Danton wavered in his conviction, questioned Robespierre’s increasingly rash actions, and tried to arrange a truce between France and the warring countries, he himself lost his life to the guillotine, in April 1794. ] In conclusion, the outcome of the French revolution is that they overthrew the aristocracy of the day and took control, swept away the French monarchy and nobility, the French Revolution may have been bloody and violent, but in the end it changed the economic, political, and social structure of France forever, Probably the best reforms to come out of the Revolution were the reforms that would be the cornerstone of a legal and administrative system that still endures. There is only one negative outcome I can think of, is that King Louis XVI died, if he hadn’t died then they wouldn’t have attacked France and none would have shed a blood. The Eureka Rebellion The Eureka rebellion in the year 1854 was a historically amazing organised rebellion of gold miners of Victoria, Australia. The battle of the Eureka  Rebellion was fought between miners and the colonial forces of Australia. This event happened because of an act of disobedient in the Ballarat region, during the Victorian gold rush with miners against carrying a miner’s licence due to high fees. The licence fee became the main point of a much larger protest against the lack of democratic rights, and without the right to vote, miners had no say in the governments decisions. The only way their views were known was to either not carry them or even publically burn them and as this gets the Polices attention, they built stockades to protect themselves from the Police. The outcome of the Eureka Rebellion was that they came to symbolize the fight of the ordinary people for justice and basic rights. Female Suffrage The suffragettes argued that women should be able to vote and stand for election because the wishes of women should be reflected in parliament. They argued that a government ‘by the people’ should include government by women, because laws affect women as much as they do men. Vida Goldstein was born in Portland, Victoria. She believed that men and women should have equal rights. She worked for the right of women to vote, called ‘suffrage’, and her parents encouraged her to be strong and free. In 1903 Goldstein was the first woman in the British Empire to try to become a member of a national parliament. She stood for election to the Australian Commonwealth Parliament but did not win. She did not give up but worked towards women’s suffrage in Victorian state elections. Women in Victoria got the vote in 1908. During the First World War, Goldstein formed a group of people who worked for peace. A special tree was planted in the grounds of the Victorian Parl iament to honour her achievements and an electorate (voting area) in Melbourne is named after her. Australian Egalitarianism Egalitarianism basically means a fair go for all. Fairness and equality, mateship and brotherhood are words I would use to describe egalitarianism. Everyone helping everyone through tough and thin, bushfires, droughts and floods, they would all need to co-operate and help each other to survive. However egalitarianism hasn’t applied to everyone in Australia. Within the framework of Australia’s laws, all Australians have the right to express their culture and beliefs and to participate freely in Australia’s national  life. At the same time, everyone is expected to uphold the principles and shared values that support Australia’s way of life. These include: †¢respect for equal worth, dignity and freedom of the individual †¢freedom of speech and association †¢freedom of religion and a secular government †¢support for parliamentary democracy and the rule of law †¢equality under the law †¢equality of men and women and opportunity †¢peacefulness †¢a spirit of egalitarianism that embraces tolerance, and compassion for those in need. Australia also holds firmly to the belief that no one should be disadvantaged on the basis of their country of birth, cultural heritage, language, gender or religious belief. So Is Australia an egalitarian society? Australia is a relatively new country, with federation occurring little over a century ago. However, it has progressed steadily and today we are considered a wealthy, internationally competitive democracy. To many outsiders, Australia looks like heaven, a perfect paradise in which to live. Beautiful beaches, unique animals, a laidback lifestyle and a democratic system of government all add to this image of Australia being the perfect place to live. It has become the way of Australians to promote the image of equality in our country. However, Australia has had a very racist past, with policies such as the White Australia policy and the many discriminatory acts of injustice placed against the native Aboriginals. An egalitarian society is one that looks after the poor, treating them with dignity, and taking appropriate measures to ensure the welfare of all its citizens regardless of age, gender or race. An egalitarian society should not condone any form of discrimination, and should attempt to provide equal opportunity for everyone. Since 1901, Australia has come a long way in fighting inequality. Women now have equal rights to men; the White Australia policy and the Assimilation policy were abolished; life has improved for Aboriginals as their rights are now being acknowledged; average life expectancy has increased; and the government does a good job ensuring that  all Australian citizens benefit from the nation’s prosperity. However, there is an ongoing debate as to whether Australia is starting to neglect the important issue of equality in society. In 2003, it was found that the top 10% of Australian households had a higher income than the bottom 50% of households combined. While one may argue that Australia has become wealthier than ever, statistics read that there are more homeless and disadvantaged people than there were 25 years ago. I believe that Australia has improved in becoming a more equal and fair society but it seems that these days were lacking something, like there is a big gap in between the poor and the rich, like no matter how much they work the poor will stay a poor, and the rich get richer as time goes by.

Presentation of Portnoy’s Complaint

Phillip Roth’s Portnoy’s Complaint is a part of a cultural movement of the 1960s, a raucous man’s story of his sexual obsessions, the plight of a son who has been dominated by his smothering mother and attempts to release his anxieties through masturbation. This story became famous overnight, receiving both wide acclaim and contempt. Roth is described as a product of the 1950s, the last decade in history when education, family values, high culture and high principles were still held in esteem—until demolished by the sexual and psychedelic revolution that followed. There are notable similarities between Portnoy and Roth himself, and the debate whether the novel is a thinly veiled autobiography still ensues among literary critics. A particular type of Jewish humor can be traced to the activities of Portnoy. Such humor, which features so prominently in the novel, has been effectively identified as a separate kind by Sigmund Freud, who wrote that Jewish jokes were usually directed inwards and characterized by profound self-criticism. The protagonist in Portnoy’s Complaint confesses that his entire life reminds of a Jewish joke, although it is not a joke. Thus, Alex Portnoy seems incapable of escaping any of the downsides of his cultural predicament. Immediately after the book was published, the novel quickly acquired a scandalous flavor, and Roth had to cope with a lot of newly acquired celebrity which he despised so much. This hymn to self-stimulation and liberation of repressed sexuality got reflected in both social sciences and popular culture of Roth’s era. Shades of Portnoy can be seen in Woody Allen’s films. Portnoy’s Complaint was attacked multiple times by the Jewish community for ridiculing their culture and heritage. Norman Podhoretz and Peter Shaw used their positions as editor and associate editor of the conservative Jewish journal, Commentary, to revile at Roth’s alleged hatred of Jewish history and identity. However, the most scathing vilification of the novel came in 1972 from Irving Howe in an essay titled â€Å"Philip Roth Reconsidered†, who accused the author of Portnoy’s Complaint of lack of taste, vulgarity and, above all, homeliness. Despite its central thematic preoccupations, which appear to be embattled Jewishness and masturbation, the novel’s popularity can be explained by the universalism of the issues author strives to explicate, such as the growth and decay of big cities, the difficulty of reconciling the sex urge and the love urge over time, and the painful need to outgrow one’s parents. While many literary influences can be traced in the novel, by far the greatest and the most important is that of Sigmund Freud. The views on Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis as expressed by Alex Portnoy are interestingly controversial: on the one hand, Freud is often alluded to as a source of wisdom; on the other hand, Portnoy seems to implicitly blame Freud for trivializing complex human relationships by his excessive and exclusive focus on sex. Essentially, the revolt against parental authority was very characteristic of the decade: the hippie culture, hitchhiking, and experiments with mind-altering substances were all manifestations of this revolt. Like many of his contemporaries, Alex struggles for his right to be bad, together with the entire generation that won the right to misbehave for their descendants. In this struggle, there were many obstacles Portnoy had to overcome, mostly of internal psychological nature, such as the fear of retribution, especially in the form of castration. It is necessary to note that Portnoy’s Complaint is a perfect illustration of the notion that literature cannot be fully understood without immersion into the cultural realities of the age when a certain work was created. Subtly autobiographic, the novel ought to be analyzed based on knowledge of Philip Roth’s own life and background. Although critics concur that there are notable differences between the loving and caring family Roth grew up in and oppressive and neurotic parents of Alex Portnoy, beyond reasonable doubt, Roth’s experiences with the mainstream American culture and the opposite sex have been reflected in the novel.

Hawthorne Studies: Impact on Modern Management Essay

The Hawthorne Studies is one of the most frequently debated phenomenons in modern work management. Evolved in the 1930’s this represents a progression from pure scientific management determined by Taylor to introduction and influence of behavioral sciences in the management of work, workers and work places. Given the long time that the theory has been in vogue and the intense research in management sciences, Hawthorne effect has provided varying interpretations briefly summarized in three main streams of thought. One group of researchers considers that the Hawthorne effect has an impact on productivity due to the effect on people’s behavior when they know they are a part of an experiment. (Champoux, 2003) (Nelson & Quick, 2003). Some others deem this to be the changes brought about due to special attention to behavior at the work place. (Jewell, 1998) (Newstrom & Davis, 2002). While yet another interpretation is that it is an effect caused by a novel change in the work environment.  (Jex, 2002) (Schultz & Schultz, 2000). These however appear to be limited explanations of the Hawthorne effect. The most significant impact of the experiments is in establishing correlation between human psychology, behavioral sciences and scientific management. (Franke & Kaul, 1978). This integration has resulted in overcoming the overly simplistic principles of scientific management by Taylor (1911). In as much as modern management is concerned the Hawthorne experiments established principles for organizing small group processes which remain relevant to this day. (Franke & Kaul, 1978). Thus the impact of these experiments have to be examined in relation to linkages established between worker productivity and social groups at work, attention to individuals and groups and finally creation of a conducive work environment within the group. These three key parameters can be applied effectively in modern management practices in concurrent spheres which results in improvement in work output once workers feel that management is interested in their welfare and devotes attention to them, increased productivity through a sense of responsibility and discipline which comes from within a group rather than from higher authority, and finally production enhancements resulting from an ideal social environment for the work group. (Mayo, 1933). Welfare of the worker through greater involvement of management is an important derivative of the Hawthorne Experiments which has applicability in modern management. The focus of the Hawthorne studies in worker welfare was determined by factors such as providing adequate breaks for rest, manipulating work hours and creating ideal environment for productivity through control of humidity and temperature. (Roethlisberger & Dickson, 1939). The implied meaning of such measures was that the management was concerned about and interested in the welfare of the worker. The workers were not as much concerned of the issue of genuineness of interest or productivity related needs of the management in their welfare. In the modern management context however large scale mobility of the work force is related to two spheres, availability of greater opportunities and a perceived sense of selfish rather than proportionately altruistic interest of the management in welfare of the work force. Where workers feel that the management is interested in their welfare only as a measure of productivity, it may not have a singular impact. Creating intrinsic sense of responsibility within a group is one of the prime motivators at work which can result in increased productivity. The Hawthorne experiment proved this dictum by manipulating experiments in various ways and also by creating a sense of permanency in the work groups. The groups seem to select themselves and enhance their commitment and productivity. (Mayo, 1933). In modern management creating sense of responsibility may be considered a function of effective group formation as well. This will result in a sense of purpose creating accountability of individuals to the group. Ironically the John Henry effect, frequently considered as the opposite of the Hawthorne effect supports this premise. Here a control group which is devoid of interventions enhances its efficiency by benchmarking performance based on the experimental group. (Zdep & Irvine; 1970) Thus implying that creation of group cohesion and a sense of responsibility towards productivity may lead to incremental improvements independent of interventions per se. However mere creation of a group may not sustain productivity, this will have to be supported by a conducive community atmosphere within the group. Social environment of the work group surely has an impact on worker productivity. (Mayo, 1933) (Gillespie, 1991). While work place manipulation has become a norm for greater productivity in modern production houses, it is the management of groups which is critical to the same rather than provision of physical improvement of work place beyond a certain limit. Social environment of the work group has impact at two stages in the modern work place. One is the repetitive nature of work performed by groups similar to those in Hawthorne studies. The other more complex form is work frequently carried out in a series, where an error in the chain could compound or negate the entire process. Thus the need may be to build much deeper social networking amongst groups to support not just productivity but also creativity and emotional bondage. Some of the areas which could be envisaged in this sphere are software development where relay chain nature of work would imply need for positive social environment within the work group for completion of the task with minimum errors. A critical examination of the study would reveal that most examinations have focused on the nuances of conduct of experiments rather than the overall impact of these trials. While Elton Mayo had good reason to deliberate on the experiments as this was the first time such scientifically controlled experiments were being undertaken linking behavioral sciences with industrial management, there is a tendency in subsequent works to focus more on the experiments per se rather than findings of the research derived from manipulating the processes of work. Thus critics are restricted to the integrity of the process of experiments thereby missing the essence of the argument of Hawthorne Experiments. This anomaly would be evident in the argument of novelty at the work place. (Jex, 2002) (Schultz & Schultz, 2000). The case of innovation is seen by some writers as incongruent with the conclusions as it was considered difficult to maintain novelty over a period of two years. Yet recycling newness could create conditions in the experiment which to the workers could bring about change thereby resulting in productivity improvements brought about by transformations in small work groups. A second critique of the Hawthorne experiments involves political interpretation of exploitation of workers by capitalists. (Rice, Nd). The argument that the management was interested in workers welfare has been interpreted in a way that it was not interest in the employee per se that had involved the management but the need to increase productivity. This may have relevance when attempting to understand the phenomenon of industrial polity in the modern workplace; but will not be relevant to the issue of application of the conclusions as given above in improving worker productivity. However given the extensive interpretation of the Hawthorne experiments over the years, it can be assumed at this stage that the political bias if any has been removed through the rigor of analysis by a vast body of researchers. One final critique of the Hawthorne studies in relation to modern management would be the underlying lack of importance to the group leader which is implicit in the experiments. The small group was allowed to manage through processes which do not seem to have entailed evolution of a group leader. This appears highly unusual given the natural proclivity of a primate to emerge in a group of people. In a modern setting of say software development, given the serial nature of work and equity in capability, yet importance of nominating a group leader for work group coordination has been highlighted. Nonetheless despite these and other infirmities, Hawthorne studies will continue to remain significant in modern management for the linkage provided for the first time between scientific managing, behavioral sciences and development of potential through principles of human resources.

Land law problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Land law problem - Essay Example As this is pertinent to both the issue of Jennifer's intended severance and the right of survivorship, it is important to establish that joint tenancy existed. Joint tenancy, as noted in the preceding, holds that each tenant' has an identical interest in the whole of the property, as determined through the four unities of title, interest, possession and time. Under common law, unity of interest is present despite the unequal financial contributions of both parties because conveyance was to both as "beneficial joint tenants." Unity of title is similarly present as both Jennifer and Clarissa received their interest in Maple Leaf under the same conveyance. The same applies to unity of time since both received their share under the same conveyance in fee simple and their titles were vested at the same time. Further, unity of possession also holds as both parties are entitled to the possession of the whole of Maple Leaf and neither Jennifer nor Clarissa may exclude the other as a joint tenant. In further affirmation of the fact that the joint tenancy exists, it is important to clarify that nothing in the case study indicates that the conveyance contains an explicit/express declaration of how Jennifer and Clarissa should hold equitable interests in Maple Leaf. Such declarations are absolute (Goodman v Gallant (1986) Fam 106) and conclusively rebut any presumptions to the contrary. As no such declaration is present, however, one can affirm that neither of the two husbands has a right to the property and that Jennifer's statement, albeit written, does not constitute an act as severance as would convert a joint tenancy into a tenancy in common. First, as regards the question of severance, one may affirm that despite Jennifer's very clear intent, severance was not concluded in this case. In accordance with Section 36(2) Law Property Act 1925, there are four legally recognized methods for severance. The first of these is the actions which any one of the joint beneficial tenants may take operating on his/her share. As per case law, any of the tenants is at liberty to dispose of his/her share in a way that would severe it from the joint tenancy. In Nielson v Fedden (1975), Justice Walton found that a unilateral declaration did not constitute such an act as it did not shatter any of the unities and, hence, did not sever the joint tenancy. Within the context of the stated, Jennifer's statement does not constitute a severance in accordance with the first method. A second method for severance is by mutual agreement as in Burgess v Rawnsley (1975). A third method involves the parties acting, for a sufficiently extended period, as if the property were a tenancy in common, as in Palmer v Rich (1897) but not Greenfield v Greenfield (1979). In the first, the parties acted as if the property in question was a tenancy in common for an extended period but in the second, the parties simply divided the property into two maisonettes and the interests of both were not treated as a tenancy in common for a sufficiently extended period. As regards, Maple Leaf, neither of these two methods, whether severance by mutual agreement nor acting as if it were a tenancy in

Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Reflection Paper - Essay Example This paired with the fact that the children that I work with have special needs makes it more challenging. I have a particular female autistic student who is 13 years of age. She is non-verbal and she is constantly hitting anyone who she is able to reach. Her hitting actions are usually around the time when is going to go through her menstrual period. She may not be aware of her menstrual cycles and she may not be able to control her actions but she does aggressively hinder those close to her. Given all of the information that I know about special needs students, autism, and mandated regulations, I am still in a position of wanting to do more. It is obviously not easy to work with her or with the other students with special needs. I feel at times that I have to be divided in many parts while imparting classroom teaching, meeting standards, and being attentive that they do not commit self injuries and/or injure others. This has been a â€Å"schooling† process for me. I enjoy my work. I want to help all of the students that I am in close contact that are special needs students. I believe in the No Child Left Behind Act because these students need to have equal opportunities in their educational stages. It is, however, over cumbersome. This will not deter me from continuing to work with special needs students. This is a constant daily challenge to be able to service those in needs and that have their rights to obtain an

Synopsis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Synopsis - Essay Example He laments that he has been tricked the second time, but cannot face the group and confront them. As a way of getting rid of the shame, he walks alone in the streets while onlookers turn to stare at him. He looks devastated and confused. He feels empty, lonely but lacks the courage to join the group. Finally, the group approaches the fool still lamenting. He accepts to join them in the vehicle and feels appreciated. Together they sing that it was difficult to comprehend the future occurrences. Moreover, the boy acted like a coward for he was not able to face his colleagues, though he desired to belong. Thus, the video ends when the five boys become a group and appreciate the nerd. He smiles as the others join him to sing, â€Å"Fool again†. They hence form a strong bond of five boys, ready to tackle the obstacles that face them as a group. Therefore, the fool is able to transform after being approached and embraced by the group of gangsters (Miller, Vandome & John,

Marketng Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketng - Research Paper Example This paper will analyze both the Coca Cola’s traditional marketing mix and the internet marketing mix with regard to its business operations in the UK market. While analyzing the company structure, it is clear that the power of Coke products raised the company to the top of the world’s soft drink industry. The company has been introducing timely changes in packaging. However, the company gives great emphasis on customer interests while introducing any change. For instance, Coca Cola introduced a new recipe for Coke in 1985 and it was rejected in the market. Subsequently, the company went back to the ‘classic’ Coke in order to better serve the customer needs (â€Å"Coke Lore..†). Currently, the company produces and markets over 2800 beverage products including Sprite, Fruitopia, and Fanta. The packaging size ranges from 300 mL to 2 litres. Surveys indicate that the Coke is one of the well known trade mark in the word. The company’s well brand image adds value to its market reputation. Coca Cola follows a competition based pricing strategy to maintain its market share since a large number of firms are operating under soft drink industry. Hence, the price of Coca Cola brands notably varies with time. However, it is identified that the company prices are readily accepted in the market due to its increased rate of demand. In addition, the company brings changes to its price structure in accordance with seasonal demand fluctuations. To illustrate, Coca Cola management sets higher prices for its drink products during the summer season and lowers the prices in the beginning of the winter season. Coca Cola is one of the leading global brands and hence it is easily available across the globe. Presently, Coca Cola products are distributed to more than 200 countries under nearly 450 brands (â€Å"The chronicle..†). The company specifically focuses on needs and preferences of each region or country

Low health Literacy in Heart Disease patients Essay

Low health Literacy in Heart Disease patients - Essay Example Some of these problems are increased mortality, increased risk of hospitalization, and decreased mental health (Evangelista, et al., 2010, p. 9). Consequently, low health literacy has to be identified and clinical practice should include the necessary interventions that deal with low health literacy. The importance of health literacy and its effects on human health gained considerable recognition in the 1990s. It was identified that good communication was significant in the health management of patients. Such communication should be developed between health care professionals and the patients and their relatives (Evangelista, et al., 2010, p. 9). It ensures the safety of patients and enhances the quality of health care. In the absence of proper communication, it is not possible to achieve optimal health care. The combination of low health literacy and lack of communication leads to serious health problems, such as increased risk of safety. This is because low health literacy deprives a patient, with chronic disease, of self-care skills. Institutes like the Heart Failure Society of America and the American College of Cardiology, and the American Heart Association stressed the importance of educating the patient about self-care methods (Evangelista, et al., 2010, p. 9). These methods are an essential component of the heart failure disease management programs. Therefore, health literacy is very important for patients with heart disease. Patients should understand and apply the provisions of the health literacy, in order to obtain the desired health outcomes (Evangelista, et al., 2010, p. 9). In the US, low literacy is a major problem. In the late 1990s, there were around forty million adults with a score that was accorded level 1 of the National Adult Research Survey (NALS). Level 1 is the lowest of the five levels of the NALS. This was complemented by another fifty million adults who were designated as level 2 individuals on the NALS (Berkman, et al., 2004). Thes e literacy levels determine the capacity of individuals to understand information or numbers. In the healthcare setting, literacy is of great importance. Patients with low literacy may find it difficult to communicate with their physicians, which would compromise the quality of medical care received by them. Low literacy makes it difficult for patients to understand the instructions given by the physician; and result in adverse health outcomes, and undesirable health effects (Berkman, et al., 2004). Lack of communication capacity, due to low literacy will result in the obtention of inferior quality treatment. It is essential to be aware of health issues. This requires a clear understanding of health information. Such comprehension is termed health literacy. The American Medical Association states that health literacy is an indicator of the personal health of individuals. Health literacy varies from person to person (Glassman, 2010). Thus, persons with poor health literacy do not giv e much importance to their personal health. According to the Institute of Medicine, more than half the people in the US consider it difficult to understand and use health information. Most of the patients in the US fail to follow medical schedules, on account of poor health literacy. They fail to take medicines as prescribed and fail to keep their appointment with doctors (Glassman, 2010). Interaction is an important aspect of healthcare area. It normally transpires in the

Environment Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Environment Ethics - Essay Example Some of the fields that involve ethics include business ethics, bioethics, business ethics, environmental ethics, and Geo-ethics. In this essay, I will discuss some of the environmental actions considered ethical and the challenges that environmental ethics face, and some environmental ethics theories developed over time. I will also incorporate some of the possible changes on environmental ethics in the future. Environmental ethics incorporates the nature of human conduct in attempts to maintain the natural suitability of the environment. The anthropocentric nature of environmental ethics calls out for the involvement of all humans. I agree that the environment does not only support human life but also, animals, rivers, creatures, and ecosystems too. Therefore, these calls upon for the care and respect for the environment, we are interdependent and obligated to the other environmental entities (DesJardins 15). I believe that, failure by human beings to take responsibility on maintaining the environment in times of pollution makes us suffer from poor health, hostile climates, reduced biodiversity, loss of natural environmental beauty, and low living standards due to lack of resources. I believe that humans to have moral standings by feeling pain for them since they have a future and the ability to initiate actions. I suppose that, the indigenous species of living creatures and ecosystems require moral individual and societal approach for their maintenance. Individuals are obliged by morals to preserving the environment, and not to perform any destructive action on the environment. I also consider that, need to preserve the natural environment and the need to exploit environmental resources for other gains are some of the confusing factors that ethics has intervened. To determine the valuing of the different importance of individual actions, there is the

Communicating the message Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Communicating the message - Essay Example y are launching their adverts an example, a campaign committed to facebook users who will have a duty to read the adverts and also influence others to read it. With this advertisers can give out their offline conversations data to all that want to see it. As a company, facebook claims that the adverts should be measured by a click for each advert Mr. Brad Smith the vice president of facebook complain that the measurements used does not really describe the precise representation of what an advert has to relay, this has made it difficult to establish the literal result of digital marketing stands to be on the bottom-line of the total brand. In the long run, the company would have contributed in the creation and the introduction of mechanism used in advertisement on facebook that would make a longtime impact on people on the brand of the product and its market price (Chung, 2015). Mr. Brad says that the industry is not up to date with the evolving digital landscape; he also admits that facebook advertising is not only about clicks or engagement, it is also about lifts. , Booke Robinson the associate director at the institute of Mindshare in Toronto, also shares that facebook can be relied on as a connector in all aspects of purchasing c hannels even though the advertisements shared should make us want to learn more. The advertisers using facebook have their own share of problems as they have to content with the changing of sites in the modern networks. He also noted that face book is not only a community builder, but a channel used to reach more consumers to buy goods. Stratford’s target was to get the new patrons with new media by the spring. It was through facebook that the Stratford Festival took place for five consecutive days and resulted to the grand annual April fools sale. The company wanted to sale their items to one group but ended up selling to everyone who came on facebook. Experienced is influenced by the appearance and features of a product.

Prevalence of Self-Medication Essay Example for Free

Prevalence of Self-Medication Essay Antibiotic self-medication among university medical undergraduates in Northern Nigeria Joseph O. Fadare 1* and Igbiks Tamuno 2 1Department of Medicine, Kogi State Specialist Hospital, Lokoja, Nigeria 2Department of Pharmacology, Bayero University, Kano, Kano State, Nigeria. Accepted 20 April, 2011 Self-medication is becoming a common type of self-care behavior among the population of many countries. Many international studies have investigated the prevalence and nature of self-medication practices at the population level. In Nigeria, some workers have also looked at the population prevalence of self-medication in general; however the prevalence of antibiotic self-medication among medical undergraduates has not yet been studied. The interest in studying this practice among this select group is due to the fact that they are the future prescribers and health educators of the population of Nigeria. The study was a cross-sectional pre-tested questionnaire-based study carried out among medical students of the Bayero University, Kano, North-West Nigeria during a two-week period in August 2008. The information from the returned questionnaire were coded, entered and analyzed using SPSS Version 12 statistical software. A total of 183 students filled and returned the questionnaire giving a response rate of 83.2%. Out of these respondents, 120 (65.6%) were males and the mean age of respondents was 23.2  ± 2.5 years (Range 17 to 31). 71 (38.8%) of the medical students admitted to the practice and there was no statistically significant difference among the different levels of medical education (p 0.05). Antibiotics from the penicillin group (ampicillin/cloxacillin, amoxicillin and ampicillin) were the most frequently used. Self-medication with antibiotics is prevalent among medical undergraduates in Northern Nigeria. There is a need for an intervention to address this practice. Key words: Antibiotics, self-medication, medical undergraduates, Nigeria. INTRODUCTION Antibiotics are one of the most prescribed drugs worldwide (Tà ¼nger et al., 2000). Self-medication with antibiotics is a common practice in many countries in the world although the trend seems to be more in developing or resource-poor nations (Awad et al., 2005). Some of the reasons that have been found responsible for this trend include lack of access to health care,  availability of antibiotics as over the counter (OTC) drugs and in open markets and poor regulatory practices (Vaananen et al., 2006). Self-medication with antibiotics has been identified as one form of irrational use of medicine contributing to *Corresponding author. E-mail: [emailprotected] Tel: +234- 8138048127. increased healthcare costs, antimicrobial drug resistance and sometimes increased morbidity among the popu- lation (Aswapokee et al., 1990; Okeke et al., 1999). The practice of self-medication in general has been widely studied among populations of many countries in Africa, Asia and Europe (Martins et al., 2002; Yousef et al., 2008; Awad et al., 2007a). One of the factors that have been found to influence this practice is the level of education of the research participants (Afolabi, 2008). Many studies have also previously looked at the pre- valence, nature and reasons for self-medication among university undergraduates (non-medical) in different countries of the world (Zafar et al., 2008; Sawalha, 2008; Lucas et al., 2007). There are also studies on general self-medication practices among medical undergraduates in some other countries (Buke et al., 2005; Chowdhury 218 J. Public Health Epidemiol. et al., 2009). In Nigeria, previous studies have concen- trated on general self-medication practices among the population (Afolabi, 2008) and health care workers (Bamgboye et al., 2006). This study of antibiotic self- medication practice among university medical undergraduates in Nigeria is very important as they are a segment of the population that is highly educated and with access to information regarding their health. Looking at this practice among medical undergraduates is also very vital as they represent the future generation of drug prescribers and health educationists. The understanding of the level of antibiotic self-medication practice and the reasons for it will enable for different interventional strategies. It will also help policy makers to develop approaches for a more rational use of antibiotics in the community in general. The main objective of this study was to determine the frequency and nature of antibiotic self-medication practice among university medical undergraduates in the Northern part of Nigeria. This study also sought if there is any relationship between the level of medical education and the self-medication  practice. METHODS The study was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study carried out among medical students of the Bayero University, Kano, North- West Nigeria during a two-week period in August 2008. Sampling A total of two hundred and twenty self-administered questionnaires were distributed to students from different level of medical education (200 to 500 Level) using a convenient sampling system. Questionnaire The questionnaire which had been pre-tested among students of another faculty in the university consisted of both open and close ended questions. The questionnaires were administered to the students through their class representatives who also returned the filled ones. The act of filling and returning of the forms was taken as consent of the students to participate and the study was approved by the Hospital Ethics Committee. The lead question was â€Å"Have you practiced self-medication with antibiotics in the last two months?’The duration of two months was chosen because of the belief that recall of medication use is still very reliable within that time frame. Other questions include: The reasons for indulging in self-medication, conditions for which the drugs were taken and the antibiotics that were being used. Statistical analyses The information from the returned questionnaire were coded and entered using SPSS version 12 statistical software. Results were expressed as counts and percentages while Chi-square test was used for to investigate possible associations between sex, level of medical education and antibiotic self-medication practice. A p-value 0.05 was considered as statistically significant for the purpose of this study. RESULTS A total of one 183 students filled and returned the questionnaire giving a response rate of 83.2%. Out of these respondents, one hundred and twenty (65.6%) were males and the mean age of all respondents was 23.2  ± 2.5 years (Range 17 to 31 years). The distribution of the respondents according to level of medical education is shown in Table 1. In response to the question  whether respondents had practiced self- medication in the preceding two months, 71 (38.8%) of the medical students admitted to the practice and there was no statistically significant difference among the different levels of medical education (p 0.05). Though self-medication with antibiotics was more common among the male students, this difference was not statistically significant (p 0.05). The common conditions for which the antibiotics were taken include diarrhea, sore throat, fever, cough and catarrh among others (Table 2). Antibiotics from the penicillin group (ampicillin/cloxacillin, amoxicillin and ampicill in) were the most frequently used for self-medication among the respondents (Table 3). 29 (42.6%) of the medical undergraduates who indulged in the practice did it because they considered their ailment as being mild while 24 (35.3%) were involved in it because of their past experience with the particular antibiotic. Regarding the source of the antibiotics used for self-medication, majority of the respondents (57.4%) patronized patent medicine stores while hospital and community pharmacies were the suppliers for 13 (19.1%) and 11 (16.2%) of the respondents, respectively. Only 1 respondent (1.5%) used the leftover from a previous prescription in this study. Majority of the medical undergraduates (89.6%) knew that the normal duration of treatment was supposed to be at least a minimum of 5 days; however only 34 (49.3%) of the respondents actually completed the course of treatment. This study also found out that gender of the respondents did not influence significantly the practice of antibiotic self-medication (p = 0.07). DISCUSSION Sample population and self-medication The frequency of antibiotic self- medication observed in our study is slightly lower than that reported in similar studies in Africa (Awad and Eltayeb, 2007b) and closer to that found in population-based studies in Jordan and Lithuania (Al-Azzam et al., 2007; Berzanskyte et al., 2006). This goes to show that there might not be a signi- ficant difference in self-care or health-seeking behavior between our segment of the population and the general population. This conclusion is also supported by findings from a study on self-medication in general among Fadare and Tamuno 219 Table 1. Distribution of respondents by level of medical education and practice of self-medication. University level Self-medication (Y) Self-medication (N) Total number of respondent 200 10 31 41 300 20 26 46 400 27 43 70 500 12 9 21 Missing value 2 3 5 Total 71 112 183 Table 2. Conditions for which self-medication was practiced. Condition No. of respondents (Percentage) Diarrhoea 17 (24.6) Sore throat 14 (20.3) Fever 12 (17.4) Cough 6 (8.7) Catarrh 4 (5.8) Toothache 4 (5.8) Body aches 2 (2.9) Others 10 (14.5) Table 3. Commonly used antibiotics by respondents. Antibiotics Frequency (Percentage) Ampicillin/cloxacillin 15 (22.1) Amoxicillin 12 (17.6) Metronidazole 12 (17.6) Co-trimoxazole 8 (11.8) Ciprofloxacin 6 (8.8) Tetracycline 6 (8.8) Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid 3 (4.4) Penicillin G 1 (1.5) health care workers of a tertiary healthcare facility in South-West Nigeria where over 70% of them were engaged in the practice (Bamgboye et al., 2006). Another possible explanation is that the earlier quoted population- based studies were carried out in societies where the literacy levels are relatively high. It is also important to note that such levels of antibiotic self-medication even exists in some countries with more stringent access to drugs, this being made possible by use of left-overs from previous prescriptions. Clinical features and self-medication There are similarities in the conditions for which self- medication was practiced in our study with several other university and community-based studies (Zafar et al., 2008; Shankar et al., 2002; James et al., 2006). These findings emphasize the fact that self-medication is usually resorted to by individuals for perceived mild clinical conditions. The problem with this practice is that fever and other similar symptoms which could be due to viral conditions are usually wrongly treated with antibiotics creating a foundation for possible development of resistance to antibiotics in addition to financial loss and possible adverse drug reactions. Antibiotic and self-medication The choice of the antibiotics from the penicillin group (especially ampicillin/cloxacillin and amoxicillin) by majority of respondents in our study is in keeping with findings from other studies (Awad et al., 2005; Awad and Eltayeb, 2007b; Raz et al., 2005). The choice of the antibiotics from the penicillin group could be due to the following reasons: 1. They are cheap, easily accessible, have a good safety profile and somehow broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. The relatively low patronage of antibiotics like amoxicillin/clavulanic acid could be due to its cost (about 1500 Naira /10 US Dollars) per course of treatment, this in a country where over 60% of the population survive on less than 2 US Dollars daily. 2. It is also pertinent to note that at the moment, there are no restrictions to how and where antibiotics can be sold in Nigeria hence the easy accessibility. Most of our respondents got their supply from patent medicine stores, hospital and community pharmacies reinforcing the earlier mentioned problem of lack of regulation. This is at variance with findings from other studies where left-over from old prescriptions were the main source of supply reflecting a more regulated access to antibiotics in these societies (Awad and Eltayeb, 2007b; James et al., 2006). This study revealed no strong associations between gender, level of medical education and the practice of antibiotic self-medication, a finding that is somehow different from the result of similar research in the Arabian Gulf (James et al., 2008) where the prevalence of self- medication was higher in the more senior medical students. Presently in many medical schools in Nigeria, 220 J. Public Health Epidemiol. pharmacology is taught either before the clinical training or at its initial stage and there is no significant reinforce- ment during the latter stages. Also too much attention is being placed on the basic aspect of pharmacology to the detriment of its clinical section and paying attention to this problem might be one level of intervention to address it. Conclusion This study has shown that self-medication with antibiotics is common among medical undergraduates in Northern Nigeria. There is a need for a review of educational programs especially the teaching of clinical pharmaco- logy to include modules on self- medication and rational use of medicines. At the  policy-making level, there is an urgent need to legislate and enforce laws restricting access to antibiotics in Nigeria. Most importantly, there is a need for a robust public enlightenment campaign to educate the populace of the disadvantages and possible complications of antibiotic self-medication. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors’ gratitude goes to the medical undergraduates of Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria who participated in this study. He is also grateful to the organizers of the International Training Course on the Promoting Rational Drug Use in the Community, Jaipur, India where the idea for the work was conceptualized. The author was a participant in the 2008 training course and the contribution of the faculty and fellow participants is really appreciated. REFERENCES Afolabi AO (2008). Factors influencing the pattern of self-medication in an adult Nigerian population. Ann. Afr. Med., 7(3): 120-127. Al-Azzam SI, Al-Husein BA, Alzoubi F, Masadeh MM, Al-Horani MS (2007). Self-Medication with antibiotics in Jordanian population. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health, 20 (4): 373-380. Aswapokee N, Vaithayapichet S, Heller RF (1990). Pattern of antibiotic use in medical wards of a university hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. Rev. Infect. Dis., 12 (1): 136-141. Awad A, Eltayeb I, Matowe L Thalib L (2005). Self-medication with antibiotics and antimalarials in the community of Khartoum State, Sudan. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 8: 326–331. Awad AI, Ball DE, Eltayeb IB (2007). Improving rational drug use in Africa: the example of Sudan. East Mediterr. Health J., 13 (5): 1202- 1211. Awad AI, Eltayeb IB (2007). Self-medication practices with antibiotics and antimalarials among Sudanese undergraduate university students. Ann. Pharmacother., 41(7): 1249-1255. Bamgboye EA, Amoran OE, Yusuf OB (2006). Self medication practices among workers in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Afr. J. Med. Sci., 35(4): 411-415. Berzanskyte A, Valinteliene R, Haaijer-Ruskamp FM, Gurevicius R, Grigoryan L (2006). Self-medication with antibiotics in Lithuania. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health, 19 (4): 246-253. Buke C, Hosgor-Limoncu M, Ermertcan S, Ciceklioglu M, Tuncel M,Kà ¶se T, Eren S (2005) Irrational use of antibiotics among university students. J. Infect., 51(2): 135-139. Chowdhury N, Matin F,  Chowdhury SF (2009). Medication taking behavior of students attending a private university in Bangladesh. Int. J. Adolesc. Med. Health. 21 (3): 361-370. James H, Handu SS, Al Khaja KA, Otoom S, Sequeira RP (2006). Evaluation of the knowledge, attitude and practice of self-medication among first-year medical students. Med. Princ. Pract., 15 (4): 270- 275. James H, Handu SS, Khaja KA, Sequeira RP (2008). 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Becoming an Actor Essay Example for Free

Becoming an Actor Essay There are many people who dream of being an actor/actress and hope to make it into Hollywood someday. While acting may seem easy, it takes a lot of hard work and dedication. It isnt until you are on stage in front of a large crowd that you may realize how tough it really is. Most successful actors have a passion for acting (its what they love to do and want to do) so this is one of the key factors in becoming an actor. You must want to act and show that you are in it to win it. A good actor/actress must willing to devote all their time and energy into acting whether its for a stage lay or an upcoming movie. Being an actor is similar to working a fulltime Job so you must dependable and hardworking (even if requires you working hours at a time) to get ahead. To become an actor, you must be alert and prompt by showing the director you are reliable and can handle whatever is handed to them. This mean memorizing your lines and show up earlier to auditions and willing to give 110% of you effort. An actor must be comfortable in their own skin. You must be confident in who are and focus on what its you want (your goals). The mindset of an actor should e Im the star and the world is my audience. If an actor believes this, they will be willing to take risk/opportunity. One characteristic of an actor must possess is public speaking. It is common that people fear talking in front of people, whether its a small or large group, but the only way to solving this issue is facing fear itself head on. There are classes for this or you can possible try talking others in large crowds when necessary. As time goes on and taking on more acting opportunities, the actor will be able to conquer their fear and be able to perform in an a more effective and powerful way.

Theories of Motivation for Conflict Management

Theories of Motivation for Conflict Management CONFLICT MANAGEMENT 1.1 Introduction of conflict management Conflict management is a practice that we can use to identify and handle conflict sensibly, fairly and efficiently. Since conflict are always happen anyway, anytime, and anyplace. So it is very important that there are people who understand conflict and know how to solve them. This is important in today’s market more than ever. Everyone want to have a good place, good situasion that doesn’t have any negative conflict to make them feel more comfortable to work. But when we listen to someone talk about conflict management, our first idea and the meaning comes to our mind is problem in organization. Conflict is a natural part of life. Because everyone face their own conflict. Conflict is very hard to avoid when we work with other because people will always have different viewpoints and perception toward something. The way to handle the conflict determines whether it works and give advantages or disadvantages. It is very hard and really difficult for people to build a strong team or group. If we are facing the conflict, we can choose to ignore it, complain about it, blame someone for it, or try to deal with it through hints and suggestions, or we can be direct, find out what is going on, and try to reach a resolution through negotiation or compromise. We have to solve the negative conflict and increase the positive conflict , we have to plan everything in other to dealt with this conflict so it is not too easy to get pulled into the argument and create any larger mess. Actually that is depend how team member going to cooperate with each other, what type of resolution they want to choose. This all about their choice whether they want to move on or just give up with it. Conflict is not always a bad thing, though. Healthy and positive conflict is a result of working or team the cooperate well with each other to finish the task that be given. Conflict always happen because of differences between people that often make various teams more effective than those with similar experience. When people with a differ viewpoints, experiences, skills, ideas and opinions are given a task, a project or challenge, then the combination of the effort can be more effective than any group of similar individual could achieve. So, team members must be open to these differences and never let them rise and become a negative conflict. Understanding and appreciating the differences of the viewpoints that involved in conflict are major reason in its resolution. A team member have to develop this skill in order to maintain a positive conflict. According to Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralph H. Kilmann there are five conflict styles we can follow when the conflict happened and how to resolve to prevent the conflict or make it worse. These five styles are accommodating, avoiding, collaborating, competing, compromising. Well, a accommodating person is someone that having high capable to cooperate with their worker. This may be what he want or it opposing with hat he desired and cannot achieve his goal. This will be more effective when the other person recommend it to have better solution. An avoiding of the issue is the better way for person to avoid the conflict. But this styles will not help the team or the person to achieve their goal. But it can help the work become better or hen the person has no chance of winning. The collaborating is the situation where the leader and the member will cooperate together and make their dream come true. A great collaborating between them maybe help them to gain more benefit. It can be effective using in complex situation. Then the competing, competing is a situation where the leader and member having different opinion and compete with each other to achieve their goal. The person will act himself without getting any agreement from others, this only happen when emergency time or last minute task. Last, compromising,for this situation whether the leader or the members can achieves what they want. This can be a moderate level of cooperation. In this situation, they maybe need an other solution to achieve equally of their important goal. 1.2 Scenario of conflict management in group During our group assignment we face a lot of conflict. The most of all, the interpersonal conflict arise in our group. This occurs because we have different view about what should be done. This is because of personality different in group found that it is very difficult to cooperate with each other. Saying about personality different, I realize that each of the group member has their own personality, such as quiet person, it is very difficult to deal with this type of person because it is hard to make them give full attention and cooperation in doing the task, they being silence and less giving idea, they was like avoiding from the task. Not helping other to finish the task well.. Some of the group member, also have a stubborn personality, even very bossy, this make our discussion become difficult because this type of person keep rejecting the idea from others. Apart from that, we also have different perception. Each of us comes from different background, we have different experience and also different education level. This differences cause each of us have our own ideas and way of solving our problem during the task. Different background, our group came from different background because we all mixed together, international and local student. It is very difficult to have a conversation amongs us, because we have different slang. Some of the group member have their experience in doing this kind of assignment while other not. So this make this assignment become difficult to solve when we have different ideas based on the experience we have. About educational level, some of group member very good in academic while some differ, this make the lower one feel discourage and shy to give an idea , this situation become a competing, they will act themselves without getting any agreement from other. this make our group lack of idea and suggestion duri ng the discussion doing the assignment. Not only that, each of group member has conflict within themselves which more known to intrapersonal conflict. This make one individual difficult to give full cooperation in doing our task. For example, a person in group found that it is very difficult to come early for the group meeting discussion because they have their problem. They know they should come early but they refuse to come because of the conflict within themselves. Some have personal problem like they don’t like one of the group member, this make them feel hesitate to come for meeting. They feel it is very hard to face each other. This make group discussion very difficult to do. While doing the task, we found a lot of difficulties. However, we able to manage and put everything in order. Based on the basic type of conflict, I found out that our group member face the goal conflict, this happen when our group member set their goal and it is imcompatible with each other. Everyone is set their own goal based on their own desire. So make each group arguing to each other to satisfy their desires and to achieve their goal. Besides that, this group also face the affective conflict, I can say this because some of my group member getting angry with other member, this occur when someone in the group did not give full cooperation and not serious with the task that been given, this cause some of member really angry among themselves. Conflict Resolution How we managed and resolved our conflict by conflict handling intention. These five type, competing, collaborating, avoiding, accommodating and compromising really happen during the group discussion. Competing, each of our group member have their own goal for the task, they have a desires to pursue their personal concern without thinking of other. They participate very eagerly and doing their best to make sure the work done fast, they don’t consider about others and don’t want to accept other opinion. This make the group leader have to set out the the best idea and force the member to vote which idea and suggestion is the best. Collaborating, group member try to work well with other to have full satisfaction of the task. Group member try to accept and try to think the idea and suggestion together, list down the idea and suggestion and agree with it easily. Avoiding, group member try to avoid the conflict to make thing better. They start to ignore and not giving full attention on the task. They just simply run away from the difficulty. Then group leader asking the member to listen first, then talk, speak out the. Try to keep the peo ple and problem separately. Accommodating, when the member seeks to satisfy their own interests but neglect it because they concern about others. This make us have to come by paying attention to the important interests that being presented. And last compromising, a group member willing to give up something. They make sure that their good relationships are the first priority and always keep the task in order. when the conflict arise, we use three types of way to prevent the conflict, the first types is trust and communication, this is the greatest way, we can prevent the conflict if the group member are trusting each other, my member tend to be more honest and being open communication among our self, the leader encourage the member being open in communication so that we all can understand each other more than before. Second , goal structure, goal should be clearly defined and the role plus the contribution of each other must clearly identified, so the leader have made the clear job, task and goal for each one of the member , so they are aware of their task and try to achieve their own goal and task. Third, by ignoring the conflict, sometimes it is good to just ignore the problem. From leader viewpoint, it is not worth the time to get involve and try solve it, if the problem is too much and we cannot find the solution, so we just try to ignore it and move on to other part. Motivation introduction of motivation Motivation is used in the workforce not just to attract individuals that organization but to keep them there. One definition of motivation ‘has to do with a set of independent or dependent variables relationship that explain the direction, amplitude, and persistence of an individual’s behaviour, holding constant the effects of amplitude, skills, and understanding of the task, and the constraints operating in the environment. As example, every member of the group must cooperates in generate the idea to make sure that the assignment that is given by lecture can be finished successfully Motivation results from the interaction of both conscious and unconscious factors such as the intensity of desire or need, incentive or reward value of the goal, and expectations of the individual and of his and her peers. These factors are the reasons one has for behaving a certain way.. 2.2 Theories of Motivation Cognitive Evaluation Theory This theory suggests that there are actually two motivation systems, Intrinsic and Extrinsic that form to two kinds of motivators that are intrinsic and extrinsic motivators. Intrinsic motivators can be as achievement, responsibility and competence, that come from the actual performance of the task or job the intrinsic interest of the work. Other than that, the kind of extrinsic motivator such as pay, promotion, feedback, working conditions and also things that come from a persons environment, and controlled by others. One or the other of these may be a more powerful motivator for a given members. Intrinsically motivated members perform for their own achievement and satisfaction. If they come to believe that they are doing some job because of the pay or the working conditions or some other extrinsic reason, they begin to lose motivation. The belief is that the presence of powerful extrinsic motivators can actually reduce a persons intrinsic motivation, particularly if the extrinsic motivators are perceived by the person to be controlled by people. In other words, a leader who is always dangling this reward or that stick will turn off the intrinsically motivated member. Acquired Needs Theory ( mcclellan) For this theory, some needs as a result of life experiences such as need for achievement, accomplish something difficult. For example, in a group need to do things for themselves to make sure their work done and perfect. Beside that, in a group need for affiliation, from close personal relationships to make rewarded for making friends. Other than that, we also need power and control other. This is able and get what they through controlling others. Expectancy Theory (Vroom) This theory bring together many of the elements of previous theories. It is the combination of the perceptual aspects of equity theory with the behavioral aspects of the other theories. Basically, it comes down to this equation: M = E*I*V Motivation = Expectancy * Instrumentality * Valence Motivation is the amount a person will be motivated by the situation they find themselves in. It is a function of the following. Expectancy is which the group of the persons perception that effort will result in performance. In other words, in the group the persons assessment of the degree to which effort actually correlates with performance. For instrumentality can be perception of the group that performance will be rewarded or punished. The group’s assessment of how well the amount of reward correlates with the quality of performance. Valence also can perceive strength of the reward or punishment that will result from the performance of the group. If the reward is small, the motivation will be small, even if expectancy and instrumentality are both perfect. 2.3 Types of motivation and scenario: Motivation is the drive or urge that stimulate one’s desires and energy in people to be continually interested and committed to a job or a task that is given to them in order to attain a goal. There are two different types of motivation that we can use while progressing to finish our task. That is, Positive Motivation and Negative Motivation. Positive Motivation is the type of motivation that can become our inspired, the drive is put on the member in order to increase the urge. For example, we can give any praise and credit for group member work. As a group leader, she or he should praising group members that are contributing the matter in group. This will encourage them to do more than that. From that, all group member been inspired to give more alternative. Next, all group member should showing their interest in the welfare of other group, This will encourage them to contribute and cooperate, they will feel they are considered important. Negative Motivation is the type of motivation, that trigour fear in group members mind. By using this method, our work will done by persuaded negatively instead their own willingness. For example, we can threat group member. Group leader can threat non cooperative members not to be included on the attendance if they keep skipping meetings. Second, group leader will use their power as a leader to influence members to do their assigned jobs by setting rules to those that don’t do their work will not be included in the final product. 2.4 how to subordinates (job satisfaction/ non-cash incentive) For job satisfaction, there many aspect of this, but all is depending on how each individual feels how this job satisfaction is important. Our goal is to understand the job satisfaction, or how please someone is with their job and sense of achievement they get from doing it. Well, reward and job satisfaction make us to think about causes for job satisfaction is rewarded to a person while doing their job. From our group assignment, we think about the reward that we will get as a prestige we get for doing a job. For example, we are thinking how the contribution that we give fully in doing the task and feel satisfy with the work and the whole contribution that be pour out. After all the contribution have been given, we will hope for the best result for the task. So this can be a job satisfaction. Jod satisfaction in performance, the relationship between and satisfied a person is with their performance. Giving a good performance sure will give you more satisfaction, so the leader will give an appraisal to boost up the confident level inside the each member . so by this, everyone in the group will being motivated and willing to contribute more on the task. Besides that, non- cash incentive being part of the motivation for the group member, we have to noted that with non-cash incentive reward, each person will doing their job more better , and they get more attracted and hold more to their interest, getting them more excited about the possibilities, and motivating them to act in a way that meets task objective. The non-cash incentive that we do in our group is, after finish the task, we will have a simple and small party. The leader find the best time to gather the group member and having some fun after the task done. This will make them more relaxing and feel excited. References Analytictech.com,(2015).Motivation.[online]Availableat:http://www.analytictech.com/mb021/motivation.htm[Accessed 14 Jan. 2015]. Cherry,K.(2015).WhatIsMotivation?.[online]About.comEducation.Available:http://psychology.about.com/od/mindex/g/motivation-definition.htm[Accessed 14 Jan. 2015] EducationPortal,(2015).WhatIsConflictManagement?Defination,StylesStrategiesEducaionPor[online]Availableat:http//educationportal.com/academy/lesson/whatisconflictmanagementdefination-styles-strategies.htm1 [Accessed 14 Jan 2015]. Wright.edu,(2015).ConflictManagement:StyleandStrategy.[online]Availableat:http://www.wright.edu/~scott.williams/LeaderLetter/conflict.htm [Accessed 14 Jan. 2015].

Weaker Sex? :: Sports Women Feminist Papers

Weaker Sex? "Psychologically, men are more explosive, inconsistent, not enduring, a nd in pain exertion - especially among high performance athletes - somewhat sniveling. A woman is the opposite: tough, constant, enduring, level and calm under the pain to which her biology exposes her. On the average she is more patient than a man. Armed with these advantages, women are in a position to do endurance feats previously considered by men to be impossible."(Noakes 598) Not many sports exist in the world today in which women can be competitive with men. Although this is not true with many other things in life, it has always seemed that males dominate the sports world, no matter how hard women have tried to break through this. Upon taking this class, I thought I had found such a sport. From quotes such as the one above by Dr. Ernst van Aaken and other findings in the class text books, I developed the thesis that Ultra Marathon Running might be just the sport for women to show their ability to best men in sports arenas that which they had previously been excluded from. As I look deeper into this statement, I realize that there are many different ideas and theories on this topic. Many women say, "Yes, of course women can compete with men", while men tend to laugh at the question and scoff at even the thought. So my question remains unanswered, can women of the ultra species compete with males? In 1971, American woman, Natalie Cullimore surprised the all male ultra world by running a 16:11 for the one hundred-mile race. Not only was she second in the race, but this was the fourth fastest time for a male or female at this distance. She caught the attention of the males of the sport with her speed and helped many other women to find a place in this field with her determination. As women's ultra running became more popular world wide, people began to take notice. Onlookers realized that the women always seemed to look more fresh at the end of a race, as if it were not as much of a struggle for them as it was for the men. This observation prompted many studies and the theory that women could beat competitive men. The first doctors to make a statement about this theory were Dr. Joan Ulloyt and Dr.

Edgar Allan Poe, son of Actress Eliza Poe and Actor David Poe Jr., :: English Literature

Edgar Allan Poe, son of Actress Eliza Poe and Actor David Poe Jr., born 19th of January 1809, was mostly known for his poems and short tales Edgar Allan Poe, son of Actress Eliza Poe and Actor David Poe Jr., born 19th of January 1809, was mostly known for his poems and short tales and his literary criticism. He has been given credit for inventing the detective story and his pshycological thrillers have been infuences for many writers worldwide. Edgar and his brother and sister were orphaned before Edgar's third birthday and Edgar was taken in to the home of John and Fanny Allan in Richmond, Va. The Allans lived in England for five years (1815-1820) where Edgar also attended school. In 1826 he entered the University of Virginia. Although a good student he was forced to gambling since John Allan did not provide well enough. Allan refused to pay Edgar's debts and Edgar had to leave the University after only one year. In 1827 Edgar published his first book, "Tamerlane and other poems" anonymously under the signature "A Bostonian". The poems were heavily influenced from Byron and showed of a youthful attitude. Later in 1827 Edgar enlisted in the Army under the name Edgar A Perry where his quarrels with John Allan continued. Edgar did well in the army but in 1829 he left and decided to apply for a cadetship at West Point. Before he was able to enter West Point Edgar published a book entitled "Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and minor poems", this time the book was published, not anonymously, but under the name Edgar A. Poe, where the middle initial acknowledged John Allan's name. Before Edgar left West Point he received financial aid from his fellow cadets to publish a third edition of the book. Edgar called it a second edition though and it was entitled "Poems by Edgar A. Poe" in which his famous poems "To Helen" (another version was published in 1848) and "Israfel" appeared. These show of the musical effect that has come to characterize Edgar's poems. Later Poe moved to Baltimore to live with his aunt, Maria Clemm, and his first cousin Virginia. In 1832 he won a $50 prize for his story "MS. Found in a Bottle" in the Baltimore Saturday Visiter. In 1835 Poe brought his aunt and cousin to Richmond where he worked with Thomas Willis White at the Southern Litterary Messenger. He also married his cousin Virginia, only thirteen years old. Most of Edgar's work with the Messenger were of a critical nature but he also published some literary work such as "Berenice".

Eva Luna and A Dolls House: The Nature Of Power Essay -- A Dolls Hous

Discuss the nature of power explored in the texts, Eva Luna, and A Doll’s House In the two texts Eva Luna, and A Doll’s House, by Isabel Allende and Henrik Ibsen respectively, there are various people who have power over others. However this power comes in a number of forms, different characters use it for different purposes, and the ways the characters achieve it also differs. These different natures of power allow some people to succeed where others fail, and it is those who succeed that, in the end, have the true power. In the novel Eva Luna, there are various people who are in positions of power. The one who is the most obvious to the reader is the General; a dictator. He has the power to control and manipulate others to do as he wants, in order to benefit himself. His power comes about through the use of force, violence, propaganda, and persuasive tactics. He can control people, but it is only because they fear him. There is no feeling by the people he has power over, that he deserves it, they have no respect for him, and so without his armies, his power is meaningless. Rolf Carle’s father in Eva Luna parallels this nature of power. Lucas Carle has total control over his wife and children, to the point where he treats his wife more like a prostitute, and his children hide from him when he comes home because they fear a beating from him. It is this fear of being punished if one does not obey that gives Lucas Carle his power, and as in the case of the General, if the only reason to give in to someone’s power is fear of the consequences if one doesn’t, then this power gains no respect from those it affects. The kind of power that the General possesses is totally different to that of Eva herself. Both of them are able to change people, however, where the General changes people through the force he puts onto them, Eva changes people from the inside. She is able to change people by bringing out what is already inside of them, and of herself. She does this by focusing on the positive parts of any situation, and in this way inspiring hope. Her power is based on having the courage to rise up against her oppressors, and the ability to lead others by evoking feeling and passion within them, instead of a power based on the fear of the consequences of not conforming. She doesn’t need an army behind her to enforce her ideas; people are drawn to her. One ... ...verse circumstances, but through their self-determination, they are able to triumph over these circumstances, and gain the power they lacked at the beginning of their journeys. I believe that the authors of these texts are putting forward the message that true power is something that is innate in people, not something that can be achieved in the ways that the General, and Lucas Carle did. Where the power lies in a certain situation is not always where it first seems most obvious. In these two texts there are different people who posses different forms of power in society. There are those who force ideas upon others, and who only wish to benefit themselves, and seek absolute power, but there are also those who have power because they are able to communicate to the core of other people, and they are able to give people the courage to stand up for what they believe. These are the people who have the true power, and who, in these two texts, eventually, in one way or another succeed. Bibliography: 1) Isabel Allende, Eva Luna, Alfred A. Knopf (trans), (New York; Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1988) 2) Henrik Ibsen, A Doll’s House, Michael Meyer (trans), (London; Methuen Drama, 1985)

High school memories Essay

Being a student drained with assignments, events, projects, laboratory exercises, paper works and some are friends issues is truly difficult, but think that if you have goals in life and you really want to achieve it as soon as possible you will do all the things you can even there are hindrances. Each one of us wants to become successful academically. And now, they say that there’s a part of our life as student wherein we learn things at the same time we do fun and that is the high school life. High school is the part of our life that plays a significant role. In this stage, we will learn about friendships and relationships, coming into our own personalities and discovering who we really are. â€Å"High school might have screwed all of us up, but we’ll see it’s the best thing that’s ever happened to us†. Entering high school is very nervous at first because of new teachers you’ll meet if it is terror or a kind, classmates if they are bullied and even the environment. There’s a chance that sometimes you ask yourself if this high school would be great as elementary years? Or same as  kinder years? Because in elementary and kinder we’re always guided by our parents to do home works from school and they are one who is liable whatever we do in our school but, in high school, we are the one who faced all the things we’ve done and decisions that we’ve made. But the good things about high school is we’re about to learn more advanced things that will help in our studies and careers in the future, and that time of processing, we are preparing ourselves to go out and explore and discover more things in the real world. Some people may say that high school is just like an ordinary where you study, study and study and nothing else but, I proved them wrong through all my experiences within past four years. As time flies, I could say that high school was filled with happiness, sadness and brought us a full of excitement. It’s like a full package gift that you received in your entire life, well that’s it. And for me, that is my precious years and no one ever forgets the four years I have been in high school. High school can describe in different ways, like full of surprises, craziness  and many more, but the all in all description of what is high school is; Fun, wild and memorable. High school is fun. Fun in a way that you interact with your classmates and forming an allied to do a crazy things in your classroom and sometimes no one can notice even your adviser unless when one of your classmates tell the foolishness that you did together with your friends. It became a habit in high school whenever the teacher in not around and the one who lead the class no other than the class president. It is another great time in your life as a high school student  because you gain your freedoms, new experiences with classmates sometimes called â€Å"kolokoy† and new responsibilities. And the time you spent together with your classmates build a strong and harmonious relationship that last for a long time. High school is wild. At this stage where some of you have been curious with the things around and it results with the love life, green minded jokes, heartaches and also having an antagonist in your life in short enemies or â€Å"kotradiba† (insert evil laugh). Green jokes or green  minded jokes it is a humorous line which intended you to think very deep with doubt, but of course in the end it makes you laugh with a wide mouth. Another part of being wild in high school is having a love life, and heartaches. Love life gives you inspiration to perform better in school, knowing better about yourself and your partner and share a common goods with your best buddy. But forever doesn’t exist, because there’s a word heartbreak and it goes to heartaches, but despite of what happened, you should move on and continue to rock with your classmates. Well, it is part of life of a student and at least you have been starting to explore your world as a teenager High school is memorable. All in all this is the episode of your life that you are definitely treasuring every minute you’ve been together with your â€Å"barkadas†, friends and even your teachers because high school doesn’t last forever, but rather through reminiscing the wildest, funniest, craziest, happiest and saddest moments you have done in high school will not be forgotten until the end of time. You were not a true high school student if you didn’t join and  enjoy the most exciting and unforgettable Juniors-Seniors Promenade where in that moment you will experience the butterflies bugging in your stomach whenever your crush and you danced as the music plays for you and to other students. And also you will feel that the way he danced (your crush) with you as if he was your prince and you are her princess in that nighttime. Every moment that you have on your high school was memorable which no one can replace with that because it only happens once in a lifetime and it will never have a duplicate as you grow older. High school may look daunting at first, but with time, you will get to appreciate and treasure everything around your experiences. High school life could be your worst and best thing that you ever had and you should treasure every bit you’ve together with the best buddies in your life. It’s also the happiest and most memorable journey and as you graduated, it doesn’t imply that all the things were ended up, but it is the beginning of more thrilling and most exciting chapter of your life. In short, a life-challenging episode starts right away. BONROSTRO, DHEL-ALYSSA M.

Financial Terms and Definitions Essay

1. Finance: Finance is the study of how people and businesses evaluate investments and raise capital to fund them. 2. Efficient market: Efficient market is the concept that all trading opportunities are fairly priced. 3. Primary market: Primary market is a part of the financial market where new security issues are initially bought and sold. 4. Secondary market: Secondary market is the financial market where previously issued securities such as stocks and bonds are bought and sold. 5. Risk: Risk is the potential that a chosen action or activity (including the choice of inaction) will lead to a loss (an undesirable outcome). 6. Security: Security is a negotiable instrument that represents a financial claim that has value. Securities are broadly classified as debt securities (bonds) and equity securities (shares of common stock). 7. Stock: Stock is an instrument that signifies an ownership position in a corporation. 8. Bond: Bond is a long-term (10-year or more) promissory note issued by a borrower,  promising to pay the owner of the security a predetermined amount of interest each year. 9. Capital: Capital is the amount of cash and other assets owned by a business. These business assets include accounts receivable, equipment, and land/buildings of the business. Capital can also represent the accumulated wealth of a business, represented by its assets less liabilities. 10. Debt: Debt is money that has been borrowed and must be repaid. This includes such things as bank loans and bonds. 11. Yield: Yield is the income return on an investment. This refers to the interest or dividends received from a security and is usually expressed annually as a percentage based on the investment’s cost, its current market  value or its face value. 12. Rate of return: The gain or loss on an investment over a specified period, expressed as a percentage increase over the initial investment cost. Gains on investments are considered to be any income received from the security plus realized capital gains. 13. Return on investment: A performance measure used to evaluate the efficiency of an investment or to compare the efficiency of a number of different investments. To calculate ROI, the benefit (return) of an investment is divided by the cost of the investment; the result is expressed as a percentage or a ratio. 14. Cash flow: Cash flow is a revenue or expense stream that changes a cash account over a given period. Cash inflows usually arise from one of three activities – financing, operations or investing – although this also occurs as a result of donations or gifts in the case of personal finance. Cash outflows result from expenses or investments. This holds true for both business and personal finance

Energy drink Essay

Introduction The marketing mix (tool largely used by marketers) is composed of the tactics being developed by a company in the 4 P’s areas: product, price, place and promotion, to assist them in pursuing their objectives. These variables have to be carefully managed by the organisation to meet the need of the defined target group. In this essay, we are going to focus on the â€Å"product† variable of the marketing mix. Phillip Kotler has defined the product as: â€Å"anything that can be offered to a market to satisfy a want or need† (Philip Kotler, Marketing Management, 2000). The product, but also its name and packaging, have a major impact on the brand positioning. They are fundamental tools in helping the company to induce trial and repeat purchase; they are also invaluable to achieve the desired awareness levels and to form positive attitudes among both customers and perspective customers. Highly profitable and attractive (giving the trend that consumers are increasingly looking for convenient drinks that boost their energy levels), the energy drinks market is highly competitive. A Mintel’s research (Market Trends category analysis, June 2004, www.PreparedFoods. com), found little brand loyalty among consumers of energy drinks, and a willingness to try a new product if the brand of choice is not available. This suggest the possibility that consumer could be swayed by the appeal of an intriguing package for instance. In this context, we will try to analyse, with the help of the example of the energy drinks, the importance of the naming and packaging tactics employed by the brands to differentiate their offer from the competition (given that the generic attributes of the energy drinks, in terms of composition, are quite similar). 1 Naming and Packaging: marketing mix tools of the product 1. 1 The products levels Philip Kotler, in â€Å"Principles of Marketing†, suggested that a product should be viewed in three levels (a division between five products levels has also been identified by the author but in our case, we are going to keep the simpler scheme of three levels). (source : www. learnmarketing. net/product. htm, 14/09/2004) The core product (level one) represents the core function of the product, a generic attribute that will be identical to all products on a specific market. For example, the main attribute a customer is willing to find when buying an energy drink is a liquid which composition will comprise ingredients that boost his or her energy levels (caffeine, guarana, taurine†¦ ) The actual product (level two) involves the brand, the packaging and the possible added features (benefits) that are provided to differentiate the company’s product from its competitors’. In the case of the energy drinks, if all of them actually provide a liquid that increase energy levels, some of them are sold in cans, other in plastic bottles or in aluminium bottles, using different designs and volumes. The augmented product (level three) is composed of the different additional non-tangible benefits that the company is offering to the customer. This comprises normally added services such as after-sales service, warranties, delivery†¦ It is difficult for a company providing energy drinks to differentiate itself from the competition through this kind of attributes. This is why we decided to focus on the second level of the energy beverages, their name and package. (www. learnmarketing.net/product. htm, 14/09/2004) First, what lies behind the concepts of naming and packaging? 1. 2 Naming â€Å"The naming of the product, service or company is called branding. A brand or name is the label that consumers associate with your product. For this reason, a brand or name should help communicate the product’s positioning and its inherent drama for the consumer† (Roman G. Hiebing Jr and Scott W. Cooper; The successful marketing plan, a disciplined and comprehensive approach; 2003). McCarthy, Perreault and Quester define branding as â€Å"the use of a name, symbol, design or combination of the three to identify a product† and more particularly a brand name as â€Å"a word, letter, or group of words or letters used to identify a product† (Basic Marketing, a managerial approach; 1997). 1. 2. 1 The visual distinctiveness of a brand â€Å"The name is composed of the title by which the company, product, or service is commonly known and the graphic forms of identification, including symbols, logotypes or signatures, tag lines, and representative characters† (Roman G.Hiebing Jr and Scott W. Cooper; The successful marketing plan, a disciplined and comprehensive approach; 2003). Some products, as paper clips, or energy drinks, are poorly differentiated by their â€Å"physical† attributes. One of the marketer’s tasks will be then to develop the brand in terms of its name and its graphic identity (logo), to communicate its differences. Nowadays, the consumers have an astonishing and increasing array of choice. In parallel, their available time to research products and make purchase decisions is decreasing. The importance of having a distinctive name is critical to securing competitive advantage, even more for the products such as the energy drinks, which core specificities have become insufficient to make a real difference. Consumers must be able to recognize the company in its name, logo, graphics and brand’s slogan; these must provide means of identifying the product as different from that of the competitors’, create a visual and verbal distinctiveness. For example, the name and logo of Ralph Lauren (a polo player) have become high means of recognition for the brand. Coca-cola is one of the best-known names in the world (even the characters’ type can be identified and recognized by the customer nowadays). Some companies, which offer different product lines, can use manufacturer brands, a name provided specifically for a product or collection of products that is different from the manufacturer’s one. For example, Powerade is the sport beverage supplied by Coca-Cola. Pepsi-Co sells a sport drink line under the name Gatorade. If the name is the more important element of the brand, one mustn’t forget that a brand can’t be simply reduced to its name. What is important are the positive associations that are going to be related to the brand in the customer’s mind (Philip Kotler, Marketing Management, 2000). 1. 2. 2 Selecting the right name A good brand name can help create brand familiarity (really important in the case of energy drinks). In general, good brand names are:  · short and simple (easy to recognize and remember)  · easy to pronounce  · should be able to be pronounced in all languages  · suggestive of product benefits (but not too generic)  · avoid any potentially undesirable connotation or image. (Roman G. Hiebing Jr and Scott W. Cooper; The successful marketing plan, a disciplined and comprehensive approach; 2003). 1. 3 Packaging 1. 3. 1 Definition â€Å"For manufacturers, packaging holds and protects the product and assists in communicating the products attributes and image. For retailers and service firms, packaging is the inside and outside environment that houses and dispenses the product/services (stores, offices, etc†¦ ), and it helps communicate the company’s attributes and image† (Roman G. Hiebing Jr and Scott W. Cooper; The successful marketing plan, a disciplined and comprehensive approach; 2003). Kotler has defined the packaging as â€Å"the activities of designing and producing the container for a product† (Philip Kotler, Marketing Management, 2000). 1. 3. 2 The functions of packaging Three functions lay behind the concept of packaging: protection, facilitating the product usage and communication. At its basic level, the package serves to protect the product (prevent breakage, exposure to light, exposure to air, spoilage†¦ ) and, in some cases, to hold or to contain it. Packaging also plays a role in protecting the consumer as well. Then, the package has a facilitative role in the use of the product (shape, size, fact that it can be resealed†¦ ). Finally, the product’s package represents a strong communication tool, at two levels. First, the package will comprise indications on the brand name, the product category definition, the composition, the flavour, warnings, directions†¦ Second, packaging also serves an important role in promotion. Its design, size, shape, materials, colour, text and brand mark†¦ should appeal to the target market. For example, yoghurt designated to the women on diet will not have the same package than yoghurt targeting the children. Besides, in today’s cluttered environment, where tens of thousands of brands are fighting for the shopper’s attention, consumers are making more and more purchase decisions at the point of sale. This is why the package, through graphics and colours that are attractive, plays an important role in getting the product noticed in the selves (to encourage impulse purchase for instance). (Philip Kotler, Marketing Management, 2000; Roman G. Hiebing Jr and Scott W. Cooper; The successful marketing plan, a disciplined and comprehensive approach; 2003). 1. 3. 3 The importance of packaging Packaging is a critical marketing tool. It can make an important difference from the competition by meeting customers’ needs more effectively. A better box, wrapper, bottle or can may help to emphasize the distinctiveness or novelty of a product or even result in the opening of a new market. It can even improve the product by making it easier or safer to use and then increase its value in the customer’s mind. Used correctly, the package can then underline the brand image, convey qualities such as freshness, fashion and quality (McCarthy, Perreault & Quester; Basic Marketing, a managerial approach; 1997). It is important that the packaging elements align with the rest of the marketing strategy to support it (pricing, advertising and other marketing tools). For example, an expensive perfume would rather be sold in a crystal bottle than in a plastic one, to underline and support the prestigious image (Philip Kotler, Marketing Management, 2000). 2 Packaging and Naming for the energy drink industry 2. 1 Industry overview. As a relatively new style of beverage in Australia (appearing in the mid 90’s), energy drinks, sometimes known as â€Å"smart drinks†, were originally designed to give people a boost. Other benefits advertised by these products are improved concentration, endurance, stamina and the ability to help combat fatigue (www. education. theage. com. au/pagedetail. asp? intpageid=69&strsection=students&intsectionid=0, 29/09/2004). â€Å"Lifestyles are moving faster. People seem to have become time poor and tend to work harder and play harder. These drinks are for those who need to pack more hours into their day. † (Glenn Martin, general manager, Frucor Beverages, The Age, May 2, 2001). Typically including a high caffeine level as well as vitamins, amino acids and herbal extracts, they usually sell for about $2 – $3. 5 for 250 ml, making them a relatively expensive soft-drink alternative. (www. education. theage. com. au/pagedetail. asp? intpageid=69&strsection=students&intsectionid=0, 27/09/2004). Initially popular in nightclubs and hotels, the energy drink market has been booming during the past few years in Australia, and these beverages are now widely available in supermarkets and convenience stores. Although this market is somewhat new in Australia, it is the fastest growing area of the soft-drink market. (www. education. theage. com. au/pagedetail. asp? intpageid=69&strsection=students&intsectionid=0, 27/09/2004). 2. 1. 1 Leading brands on the Australian market In 2002, the energy drink sales were dominated by four brands in Australia: Frucor Beverages Limited’s V (remaining by far the most significant player with 35% volume share), Red Bull Australia’s Red Bull, Coca-Cola Amatil’s Lift Plus and the Red Eye Company’s Red Eye. With a clever marketing and promotional tactics, V managed to cope with the growing competition and to increase its market share between 2000 and 2002, targeting at teenagers and young adults through the sponsoring of youth oriented events and advertising during youth programming (Euromonitor International, Soft Drinks in Australia, August 2004). However, in the latter part of this same period, the best growth was performed by Coca-Cola Amatil’s Lift Plus, which volume share increased from 5% in 2000 to 14% in 2002, to the detriment of the Red Eye brand which lost market share by the same amount. Red Bull signed, in 2003, a distribution deal with Cadbury Schweppes to solve its volume share decline over the recent years by accessing the group’s strong sale network. (Euromonitor International, Soft Drinks in Australia, August 2004). Considering the huge number of small brands existing today on the energy drink market, we decided to illustrate our study using exclusively the example of these 4 leaders. 2. 1. 2 Target market of the energy drinks The potential customers initially consisted in 90% of young and trendy people (club scene, extreme sports), nocturnal revellers, trendsetters and clubbers. Nowadays, the group of customers has evolved and includes:  · long distance drivers, especially people who work during the night or even employees working out of the office and rushing from appointment to appointment who have come to appreciate Energy Drinks as a good way to wake them up,  · top-level as well as free time sportsmen like snowboarders, mountain bikers, free climbers and downhill racers but also people going to the gym or participating in a triathlon, · pupils or students under stress who use the energy drinks as a new substitute of coffee. Users of Energy Drinks buy/drink them to be mentally and physically top fit and wide awake. They are dynamic, health conscious, achievement-orientated and active, in their jobs as well as in their spare time. Most of them are young but there is an increased interest in these products coming from an older age group of the population. (www. fortunecity. com/tinpan/clapton/843/energydrinks. html#eda, 29/09/2004). 2. 2 Packaging issues and trends on the energy beverage market Due to its growing competitive context, the energy drinks sector saw packaging used as an essential element in establishing brand identity. Consequently, the emergence of plastic bottles was far less pronounced in this sector than in any other soft-drinks sector. 2. 2. 1 Capacity and materials When Red Bull entered the Australian market in 1999, the company employed its trademark slim can and made it an immediate sign of recognition for the energy drink product. The brand wanted to use this as a point of differentiation to help consumers distinguish these highly caffeinated drinks from their carbonate counterparts, and competitors such as Lift Plus, V and Black Stallion followed this example to benefit from the association consumer would make between 250ml can and the type of product (Spark Gale, â€Å"Sports and energy drink market expanding faster than other soft drinks†, Food & Drink Weekly, February 23, 2004). This can size not only differentiate the product from the usual soft drink but also, according to the manufacturers, encourages only moderate consumption at any one time, because of the high caffeine content. Indeed, the energy drinks market has suffered from claims that excessive consumption of caffeine can cause a rise in blood pressure and can trigger events such as heart problems and strokes in some people (Euromonitor International, Global Packaging: Key Trends, www. euromonitor. com. library. vu. edu. au/gmid/default.asp, 20/09/2004) The initial choice of many energy drinks producers for the can packaging has also been determined according to the purpose of the beverage and the needs of its target market. Indeed, the design of the package and its material had to answer the requirements of people responding to the growing trend for eating and drinking â€Å"on-the-move†, had to offer at the same time convenience, solidity, to be light-weighted, easy to handle (the 250 mL format appears more convenient than the usual 330 mL size). Single-serve products also allow busy consumers, to drink in the car, office and in school, which happened to be essential to appeal to a broaden target market as it is now (Marsha Barancik, â€Å"Bottle cans’ have magnetic attraction†, Beverage Industry, March 2003). In fact, when the product entered the market, it was sold in major part in bars, pubs and nightclubs and convenience stores, but as brand like V and Red Bull started to gain distinctive brand identities the started to sell through supermarkets. In this context the 250mL aluminium can presented another advantage since it was an easy shape to offer in multipack that could fit in shelves optimally, and appealed to consumers because of the lower unit prices offered and the ease of transport to their homes (Euromonitor International, Soft Drinks in Australia, August 2004). However, the need for differentiating from competitors and for acquiring a strong brand equity, related to number entry the industry saw these last year, pushed the company to innovate, creating packagings that would differ from the overused 250 mL aluminium can. This need happened to strengthen with the addition of supermarket as a channel of distribution: the number of product and beverages that competed with the brand on the purchase decisional process was suddenly more diverse. To that extent, Red Eye used glass packaging as a strategy (that happened to be successful), to build brand loyalty among its consumers and to break with the expected can packaging offered by competitors. Since then, Lift Plus and V also offered a glass format to differentiate themselves from other canned energy drink brands (Global Packaging: Key Trends, www. euromonitor. com. library. vu. edu. au/gmid/default. asp, 20/09/2004). 2. 2. 2 Graphics and scripts Packaging in the energy drinks also feature distinctive graphics and script. Each brand will attend to convey a differentiated image using specific colours and visual affect known for being associated by the consumer to positive attributes. In 1988, McGraw Hill studied the feelings and the images conveyed by colour in order to show the importance of the packaging in the purchase decision process. As a result, he found out that consumer unconsciously were making the following association:  · Black: formality and elegance.  · White: Crispness  · Violet: tenderness  · Red: revolution, excitement, fire, energy, stanfurd.  · Blue: night, sadness, coolness, tranquillity  · Yellow: happy, warm, optimism  · Aluminium: high-energy voltage (http://www. alumni. berkeley. edu/Students/Group_Resource_Guide/Marketing_Tips_for_CAA_Student_Leaders. asp, 7/10/2004). Looking at each brands packaging, we can see that, according to this theory, different feelings are meant to be evocated by each brand. Except for Lift Plus, that is more oriented towards young people and students/children market, the aluminium colour is present on each packaging. The blue of the Red Bull can immediately reminds the customer with the clubbing and the nightlife while the red letter stands for energy and excitement. The yellow can of Lift Plus gives a joyful and playful image to the beverage and makes it a drink to be consumed during the day rather than in nightclub as a mixed drink (like its competitor Red Eye, Red Bull, or V). We can notice also the use of black in the two other packages, that gives a classy and distinctive image to the beverage, allowing them to stand in bar and club’s shelves. 2. 3 Naming issues on the energy drinks market In general, even if branding is one of the most important steps in the marketing plan of a product (a good name provides a strong mean of distinctiveness for the brand), there is not much secondary information available on the naming strategy adopted by the companies. Concerning the energy drinks industry, we are going to focus on the major brands present on the Australian market: V, Lift Plus, Red Eye and Red Bull. V is a typical example of a simple and memorable brand name that quickly identifies the product with an idea of vibrant, velocity, vitality, vigour†¦ Above all, V is the widely known abbreviation for volt, positioning the product as a high energy provider (www. frucor. com/brands/aus/new_age. html, 03/10/2004). The name Lift Plus explicitly suggests the benefits of the drink that, according to its producer Coca-Cola Amantil, as been designed â€Å"for people who work and play hard and need a boost to help them make the most of their waking hours†. It is also named after the well-known beverage â€Å"Lift†, to inform the consumer on the common point between the two beverages: both have citrus-based flavour (http://www. cokebuddy. com.au/about_brands. asp, 03/10/2004). Red Bull has been the first energy drink to enter the global market, the name of the product reflects well its attributes and benefits (the bull is a powerful animal, it represents the high level of energy the consumer is going to get by drinking this product). But this brand name has also been subject to a lot of controversy (that has finally benefited the brand by creating some promotion around it) related to the fact that the word â€Å"Bull† created a direct association in the public mind with one of the ingredient included in the formula: the Taurine. However, despite whatever conclusions one might draw from the name, Red Bull contains no substances of animal origin; even the taurine used in the formulation is synthetically produced (www. snopes. com/toxins/redbull. htm, 03/10/2004). Again, as for its competitor Red Eye, the code of colour (â€Å"Red†) is used as a way to suggest the energy and improvement of physical performance provided by the consumption of the beverage. Red Eye, as a following entrant in the energy drink market (after Red Bull), has used the notoriety of the Red Bull name as part of its naming strategy (the two brand names are quite similar). The term â€Å"eye† reflects the personality of the product, putting the stress on the ability of the product to provide its consumer with an improved ability to concentrate, an increased alertness and an enhanced reaction time (www. red-eye. com. au/classic. html, 03/10/2004). (Roman G. Hiebing Jr. and Scott W. Cooper, The successful marketing plan, McGraw-Hill, 2003). Conclusion Naming and packaging are critical marketing tools for the company; they assist its brand differentiation in the customer’s mind and product identification in the shelves of the store. Even if these two elements are even more important for products as energy drinks, that have quite generic core attributes (their composition is almost similar) and that cannot differentiate their offer using the augmented level of the product, we discovered through our research that a brand mustn’t limit its marketing mix tactic to its product features (naming and packaging). The three other P’s areas (Price, Place, and Promotion) are critical tools to strengthen the differentiation of its offer. The leading brands demonstrate it by supporting their product with heavy advertising campaigns and diverse promotional actions, as they proved to be essential to ensure their brand equity (sponsoring, sample distribution, co-branding, commercials, ads in various medias†¦ ). The study of the energy drinks market also showed us how the strategies linked to the issues of naming and packaging can evolve as the industry changes. Indeed, we discovered how these two aspects of the â€Å"actual product† could be used as way to assimilate the brand to a particular type of product, as well as a differentiation feature. In fact, the energy drinks market demonstrated us that the maturity of the industry influences greatly the challenges implied by the choice of a name or a package. Indeed, all the companies which launched their energy drink at the introduction of the product in the soft drink industry, chose to follow the first entrant (Red Bull) on its package choice, in order to clearly indicate to the customer the kind of product provided. As the industry matured, and the competition increased, offering a packaging that actually differentiated the brand seemed to be the only way to gain customer loyalty and to survive in this mature market. Sources : Literature:  · Philip Kotler, Marketing Management, 2000  · Roman G. Hiebing Jr and Scott W. Cooper; The successful marketing plan, a disciplined and comprehensive approach; 2003  · McCarthy, Perreault & Quester; Basic Marketing, a managerial approach; 1997 Websites:  · Market Trends category analysis, June 2004, www.PreparedFoods. com  · www. learnmarketing. net/product. htm  · www. education. theage. com. au/pagedetail. asp? intpageid=69&strsection=students&intsectionid=0  · www. fortunecity. com/tinpan/clapton/843/energydrinks. html#eda  · Euromonitor International, Soft Drinks in Australia, August 2004, www. euromonitor. com. library. vu. edu. au/gmid/default. asp  · Euromonitor International Global Packaging: Key Trends, August 2004, www. euromonitor. com. library. vu. edu. au/gmid/default. asp  · www. alumni. berkeley.edu/Students/Group_Resource_Guide/Marketing_Tips_for_CAA_Student_Leaders. asp  · www. frucor. com/brands/aus/new_age. html  · www. cokebuddy. com. au/about_brands. asp  · www. snopes. com/toxins/redbull. htm  · www. red-eye. com. au/classic. html Articles :  · Glenn Martin, general manager, Frucor Beverages, The Age, May 2, 2001  · Spark Gale, â€Å"Sports and energy drink market expanding faster than other soft drinks†, Food & Drink Weekly, February 23, 2004  · Marsha Barancik, â€Å"Bottle cans’ have magnetic attraction†, Beverage Industry, March 2003.